Class notes
Bio 202 - Final exam study guide
- Course
- BIO 202
- Institution
- Duke University
This is a comprehensive and detailed study guide on finals for Bio 202. Quality stuff!! U'll need it!!
[Show more]
Content preview
BIO Study Guide Midterm II Prokaryotic (archaea/bacteria)
Eukaryotic
o Extranuclear DNA
Genetic material 3 properties
o Faithful replication at every division
o Information
o Stable with occasional changes
DNA
Prokaryotes replicate 500nuc/s vs Eukaryotes 50nuc/s
Probs w/ polymerase
o Antiparallel
o 1 directional
o Can’t denovo (extend only)
Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
ONE: Transcription (DNA->mRNA) @ nucleus
o Reverse transcriptase (does OPP)
o Can have diff genes on opp DNA strands
o RNA polymerase (5’3’)-don’t need primer
Follows DNA template/noncoding strand
RNA
but MATCHES non-template/coding strand
o Transcription promoters (consensus seq) (only
eukaryotes)
Where promoters bind
(promoted/suppressed by general
transcription factors [GTFs])
NOT transcribed
ONE.5: RNA Processing (only eukaryotes)
o 3’-TACG-5’ (NONCODING)
o 5’-ATGC -3’ (CODING)
o CAP-5’-AUGC-Tail-3’
o Amino Terminus- Met-?-Carboxy Terminus
o Add 5’ cap-help leave nucleus
o Polyadenylation-add poly(A) tail to protect against
enzyme degradation
o Splice out introns and keep exons
(snRNPs=snRNA+spliceosome)
Tm (primer melting Temp)-midpnt of narrow T range at which Intron w/ specific seq @ splice site &
DNS denatures branchpoint
Antiparallel Alternative splicing
Replication TWO: Translation (RNA->Protein) @ Ribosome
o Denature/separate o Codon (triplet) match w/ anticodon on tRNA
o Strand->template o Amino terminus-5’ Exit, Peptidyl, Aminoacyl 3’-
o Add complementary & antiparallel carboxy terminus
(semiconservative)
, o Pseudo-autosomal region- part of sex chrom w/
areas of homology for pairing
Chromatid-copies of chrom to be divided
Chromatin=protein+DNA
o Nucleosome (octamer: 8 histone proteins w/ +
charge)
H2A, H2B, H3, H4 *2
Hi-clip
Highly conserved protein in eukaryotic cells
used in condensing DNA (Given that
nucleosomes (which are made up of histone
subunits) is a major class of DNA proteins,
their ubiquity and almost identical genetic
sequencing are explained by the importance
of DNA in organisms. Every eukaryotic
organism has DNA and require nucleosomes
to keep its chromatin intact. Since
nucleosomes play such an essential role in
maintaining primary DNA structures, their
o Nonoverlapping (unambiguous) but degenerate amino acid sequence has been conserved
Wobble (diff in 3rd nuc; same AA) well in evolution history.)
o Reading frame (5’ AUG stop codon) o Linker & core DNA
No AA for stop codon) Heterochromatin-resistant to expression
o Centromere (chromatid connection)
o Telomere (gets shorter bc can’t reaplce RNA primer)
When too short, stop dividingdie
Telomerase-protein elongate 3’ overhang of
lagging strand (in stem cells/development)
o Position effect variegation-if move near
heterochromatin, silence
Euchromatin-lightly paked genome for expression
Mutations (forward: mutant; reverse: WT)
o Worse when in active site (enzyme-substrate
binding)
o Somatic (start in early precursor cell) vs. germline
mutations
Point mutation (SNP single nuc polymorphism)
RNA Classes
o Messenger (mRNA) transition more common
o Functional-not for protein; useful themselves o Missense (non-synonymous)
Transfer (tRNA) Conservative vs nonconservative
Ribosomal (rRNA) o Silent/neutral (synonymous) -3rd pos
Small Nuclear (snRNA) o Nonsense-premature stop
Genetic Makeup Inversion
o 50% noncoding junk Translocation-to nonhomologous chrom
Transposon-move from place to place (may Indel-frameshift mutation
create/reverse mutations) Spontaneous mutation-natural errors
o 3% actual genes o Slipped strand mispairing (indel of rep
ssDNA (vs. dsDNA) units)genetic disease
o single strand (eg. Viral DNA) o Temperature-sensitive (ts)
Chromosome o Permissive: WT pheno
Haploid(n); diploid (2n w/ homologous) o Restrictive: mutant pheno
o Homologous: Pair of chromosomes, same size, Induced mutations (via mutagens)
shape, centromere location, & genes in the same o Base replacement, base altercation, base
relative order intercalation (indel/frameshift), DNA breakage, base
o OPP: heterologous damage (Tautomerization-mispairing of bases bc
o Human 23 & 46 proton moved)
o Karyotype analysis-match @ metaphase Repair
o Autosome vs. sex chrom o Base/nuc excision repair
o Mismatch repair
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller anyiamgeorge19. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $13.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
65963 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 15 years now