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a level biology animal transport summary

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summary of animal transport topic in module 3

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  • May 27, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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ANIMAL TRANSPORT

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

● Liquid transport medium (blood) -is transported to carry molecules

● Vessels - to carry the transport medium

● Pump (heart) - to create pressure that pushes the fluid around the body .


OPEN

● Few blood vessels don’t always contain the transport medium

● Blood + fluid (haemolymph) circulates through the body cavity

● Tissues + cells are bathed directly in blood for exchange (glucose into cells / waste

products out of cells )

● Transport medium returns to heart through an open ended vessel

E.g. invertebrates - insects + molluscs

- Flowing of haemolymph (blood) can’t be varied to meet changing demands or

directed to particular tissues , so it depends only on body movement

- Low blood pressure = slow blood flow + no steep concentration gradient


CLOSED

● Transport medium enclosed in vessels all the time

● Cells + tissues bathed in tissue fluid, so exchange occurs through walls of vessels

● Volume of blood flow can be adjusted by narrowing/ widening of vessels and

directed to specific tissues

+ Higher pressure = rapid blood flow + steep concentration gradient


SINGLE


1

, ● Blood flows through the heart once for each complete circuit by flowing through 2

sets of capillaries

1. In gills for exchange of gases

2. To body for exchange of substances

- Low blood pressure = blood returns slowly to the heart , limiting efficiency of system

and activity levels

FISH still active :

- Countercurrent gas exchange : absorb more oxygen from water

- Body weight supported by water

- No thermoregulation as same water and temperature

= reducing metabolic demands on their bodies


DOUBLE

● Blood flows through heart twice for each complete circuit (to lungs, then to rest of
body)

+ High blood pressure as it passes through 1 set of capillaries = fast blood flow




2

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