Praxis - School Psychology 5402 Latest Version Graded A+

Praxis - School Psychology 5402 Latest Version Graded A+ PARC v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (1972) Established IDEA: PARC = Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children. At the time, PA could deny public education to children who had not "attained a mental age of 5 years" because it would be too burdensome/costly. Result: settlement (consent decree) - free public ed to all children 6-21 years old. Became the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, which then became the Individuals with Disabiltiies Education Act (IDEA). This resulted in other cases - e.g. Mills v. Board of Education which reached the Supreme Court and resulted in establishment of the constitutional right to education of all children with disabilities. Lau v. Nichols (1974) Established need for language programs for ELLs: San Francisco - 1000+ Chinese students didn't receive additional Engl lang support, another 1000+ did receive -- parents sued district. Result: School districts must take steps to help limited-English proficient (LEP) students overcome language barriers and to ensure that they can participate meaningfully in the district's educational programs. No specific programs advocated for; districts given wide leeway. Equality of treatment does NOT mean equality of facilities, books, teachers, and curriculum Board of Education of the Hendrick Hudson Central School District v Rowley (1982) Defined FAPE: Parents of deaf student (Amy Rowley) sued school district b/c they did not provide a sign language interpreter but only an FM wireless hearing aid. The hearing officer for the district and a federal court ruled in favor of the family (under 504, she was being denied "opportunity provided other children") BUT the Supreme Court ruled that FAPE was satisfied "by providing personalized instruction with sufficient support services to permit the child to benefit educationally from that instruction." ( ) Irving Independent School District v Tatro (1984) Resolved difference between school health services versus medical services: School health services - can be provided by school nurses or other qualified lay persons. Medical services - must be performed by licensed physicians. Texas - Student required intermittent cathertiziation during class hours due to spina bifida and inability to empty her bladder on her own. School said "no!" Court ruled against school because: - schools are required to supply only those services that are necessary to aid children to benefit from special education - schools must provided services that can be done bynurses (not by doctors) (