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BIOD 101 Final Exam -With 100% verified solutions
2024-2025-tutor verified
648Q&A
a. Name the three parts of a nucleic acid nucleotide.
b. What are the particular types of each of these that are found in DNA and what are the corresponding types that are found in RNA?
a. sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
b. DNA- deoxyribose- phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine
RNA- ribose -phosphate group- adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil
What are the four major differences btw DNA and RNA?
1. DNA contains deoxyribose - RNA is ribose
2. DNA: thymine
RNA: uracil
3. DNA: double stranded helix
RNA: single strand
DNA is often described as a coiled ladder. In this description, what two parts of a DNA nucleotide form the uprights? What part forms the rungs?
The uprights are the sugar phosphate backbone, and the rungs are the bases.
Explain the 2 differences btw hydrolysis and dehydration condensation.
During dehydration condensation biomacromolecules are synthesized by joining building block monomers. A water molecule is lost and energy is used.
Biomacromolecules are broken down into monomers during hydrolysis when a water molecule is added and energy is released. T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
GLUCOSE
Carbohydrate; used as fuel, is referred to as blood sugar in humans and animals
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
Starch
Carbohydrate; the form in which plants store glucose
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
Cellulose
Carbohydrate; woody tissue in plants and trees, indigestible fiber
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
Triglyceride
Lipid; the major form of fuel storage that when broken down produces twice as much energy per gram than carbohydrates
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
Phopholipid
Lipid; the major constituent of cell membranes
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
Hemoglobin
Protein; carries oxygen in the blood T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
DNA
Nucleic Acid; contains genetic material of cells
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
RNA
Nucleic Acid; part of the protein-synthesizing operation of the cell
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
Cholesterol
Lipid; component of animal cell membranes that, when in excess, can form plaque on artery walls
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
ATP
Nucleic Acid; releases energy through the breaking of high-energy phosphate bond
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
Glycogen
Carbohydrate; the form in which animals and humans store glucose
T ell whether each of the following is carbohydrate, lipid, protein, or nucleic
acid. Then explain the use of each.
Insulin Protein; a hormone
Why are proteins so often used to build structures?
Because they are "structurally sophisticated". They are strong, yet flexible
and incredibly diverse.
Explain the following terms in regard to proteins:
a. Primary structure:
b. Secondary structure:
c. T ertiary structure:
d. Quaternary structure:
a. Amino acid monomers in a linear chain
b. 2 repeating patterns are possible; a spring like coil of fibrous proteins within the linear chain forms (alpha-helix) and/or in the linear chain the pattern snakes back and forth; strong and flexible but not elastic. Both conformations held together with hydrogen bonds. It's possible that one chain can have both patterns
c. Folding of the secondary structure; 3D shape determined by R-group interactions and hydrogen bonds
d. Interactions between two or more polypeptide chains. Each chain has its own primary, secondary, and tertiary structure. *need 2 or more polypeptide chains for this structure*
The bases present in nucleic acids contain what element besides C and H and O?
Nitrogen
What is the property that makes a molecule a lipid?

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