Solutions for Engineering Applications in Sustainable Design and Development, 2nd Edition Striebig (All Chapters included)
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Course
Engineering Management
Institution
Engineering Management
Complete Solutions Manual for Engineering Applications in Sustainable Design and Development, 2nd Edition By Bradley Striebig, Adebayo A. Ogundipe, Maria Papadakis ; ISBN13: 9781133629771....(Full Chapters included Chapter 1 to 17)...Chapter 1. Sustainability, engineering, and design
chapter 2. An...
, Solution and Answer Guide
Striebig, Papadakis, Heine, Ogundipe, Environmental Engineering and Sustainable Design 2e,
9780357675854, Chapter 1: Sustainability, Engineering, and Design
Chapter 1 End of Section Exercise Solutions
1-1 Genetically modern humans appeared on Earth about 200,000 years ago and biologically
and behaviorally modern humans appeared about 70,000 years ago. The number of people
and their effects upon the planet were negligible, or as Douglas Adams says, “as near
nothing as makes no odds,” for most of the history of the planet. When did the planets
population reach 1 billion people? If the population has grown exponentially since that time,
what was the time interval required to increase by 1 billion people—for up to 7 billion
people, the approximate global population in 2012?
Solution
From Figure 1-3 ,the planet reached 1 billion people in approximately 1800.
October 31, 2011 was declared by the United Nations, as the day the world population
reached 7 billion.
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡 = 𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜 𝑒𝑒 �𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )�
Solve for 𝑘𝑘.
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡
= 𝑒𝑒 �𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡−𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )�
𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡
ln = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )
𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴
ln 𝐴𝐴 𝑡𝑡
𝑜𝑜
𝑘𝑘 =
(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )
7,000,000,000
ln
1,000,000,000
𝑘𝑘 =
(2012 − 1850)
1.95
𝑘𝑘1850−2012 = = 0.012 = 1.2%
162
The time frame for each increment of 1 billion people can be estimated using the calculated
exponential rate constant:
𝐴𝐴𝑡𝑡
ln = 𝑘𝑘(𝑡𝑡 − 𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑜 )
𝐴𝐴𝑜𝑜
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