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Samenvatting Academisch schrijven
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Academisch schrijven voor bedrijfskundeInhoudsopgave
1. Hoofdstuk 1: onderzoeksproces ...................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1. Fasen onderzoeksproces: ................................................................................................................................................. 6
1.2. Exploratie wetenschappelijke literatuur .......................................................................................................................... 7
1.3. Databanken ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.4. Keywords ......................................................................................................................................................................... 7
1.5. Kwaliteit journals ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.6. Probleemstelling .............................................................................................................................................................. 7
1.7. Schijf van 5: probleemstelling uitwerken ......................................................................................................................... 8
1.8. Kapstokzinnen.................................................................................................................................................................. 8
1.9. Van probleemstelling tot onderzoeksvraag ..................................................................................................................... 8
2. Hoofdstuk 2: tekstopbouw .............................................................................................................................................10
2.1. Wetenschappelijke paper .............................................................................................................................................. 10
2.2. Tekstopbouw ................................................................................................................................................................. 10
2.2.1. Inleiding/introductie (1-3 pagina’s, to the point) ..................................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Introductie ................................................................................................................................................................ 11
2.2.3. Grote fouten in intro................................................................................................................................................. 12
2.2.4. Voorbeeld van een intro ........................................................................................................................................... 12
2.2.5. Trechterstructuur ..................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.6. Middenstuk ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
2.2.7. Discussie (en conclusie) ............................................................................................................................................ 14
2.2.8. Tekstopbouw: pro-tips .............................................................................................................................................. 15
3. Hoofdstuk 3: macro- en microstructuur + literatuurstudie ..............................................................................................16
3.1. Macrostructuur .............................................................................................................................................................. 16
3.1.1. Titel ........................................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.1.2. Hoofdtitel .................................................................................................................................................................. 16
3.1.3. Titels en subtitels ...................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1.4. Subtitels – subheadings ............................................................................................................................................ 17
3.1.5. De taal van titels ....................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.1.6. Structuur ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
3.2. Microstructuur ............................................................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.1. Alinea’s vs. paragrafen + hoofdstukken .................................................................................................................... 19
3.2.2. Verwijswoorden ........................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.2.3. Verbindingswoorden ................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.2.4. Hoofdstuk ................................................................................................................................................................. 21
3.2.5. Coherentie en cohesie .............................................................................................................................................. 22
3.2.6. Tips voor coherentie en cohesie te verbeteren ........................................................................................................ 22
3.2.7. Lay-out ...................................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.3. Literatuurstudie ............................................................................................................................................................. 23
3.4. AI & correcte spelling? ................................................................................................................................................... 25
4. Hoofdstuk 4: wetenschappelijke stijl ..............................................................................................................................26
4.1. Wetenschappelijk schrijven ........................................................................................................................................... 26
4.2. Purpose? ........................................................................................................................................................................ 26
1
, 4.3. Formeel schrijven = concreet schrijven .......................................................................................................................... 26
4.4. Vermijd te persoonlijk taal gebruik................................................................................................................................ 26
4.5. Gebruik vaktaal ............................................................................................................................................................. 26
4.6. Omslachtig taalgebruik ................................................................................................................................................. 27
4.7. Ik & wij ........................................................................................................................................................................... 28
4.8. Passief ............................................................................................................................................................................ 28
4.9. Men................................................................................................................................................................................ 28
4.10. Subjectief taalgebruik .................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.11. Gekleurd taalgebruik ..................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.12. Vaag taalgebruik ........................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.13. Te letterlijke vertalingen ................................................................................................................................................ 29
4.14. Interpunctie en zinslengte ............................................................................................................................................. 30
4.15. Woordenschat & grammaticafouten ............................................................................................................................. 30
4.16. Afkortingen .................................................................................................................................................................... 31
4.17. Getallen ......................................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.18. Tips leesbaarheid ........................................................................................................................................................... 32
4.19. Tips leesbaarheid via zinsbouw ..................................................................................................................................... 32
5. Hoofdstuk 5: refereren ...................................................................................................................................................33
5.1. Citeren ........................................................................................................................................................................... 33
5.2. Parafraseren .................................................................................................................................................................. 33
5.3. Primaire versus secundaire bronnen.............................................................................................................................. 34
5.4. Wanneer refereren ........................................................................................................................................................ 34
5.5. APA-stijl ......................................................................................................................................................................... 35
5.5.1. Journal article ........................................................................................................................................................... 36
5.5.2. Journal article with an article number ...................................................................................................................... 36
5.5.3. Whole authored book ............................................................................................................................................... 36
5.5.4. Whole edited book ................................................................................................................................................... 37
5.5.5. Hoofdstuk in an edited book .................................................................................................................................... 37
5.5.6. Webpage on a news website .................................................................................................................................... 38
5.5.7. Webpage on a website with an organizational group author .................................................................................. 38
5.5.8. Webpage on a website with an individual author .................................................................................................... 38
5.6. Referenties in tekst ........................................................................................................................................................ 39
5.7. Referentielijst of bibliografie ......................................................................................................................................... 40
5.8. Figuren en tabellen refereren ........................................................................................................................................ 41
5.9. Plagiaat ......................................................................................................................................................................... 41
5.9.1. 6 types plagiaat/irregulariteiten ............................................................................................................................... 41
5.9.2. Potentiële sancties.................................................................................................................................................... 43
6. LES 5...............................................................................................................................................................................44
6.1. Intro ............................................................................................................................................................................... 44
6.1.1. Descriptief & causaal ................................................................................................................................................ 44
6.1.2. Kwalitatief vs. kwantitatief ....................................................................................................................................... 44
6.1.3. Technieken van gegevensverzameling ..................................................................................................................... 44
6.2. Hypotheses & conceptueel model.................................................................................................................................. 45
6.2.1. Van onderzoeksvraag of hypo naar meetvraag ........................................................................................................ 45
6.2.2. Voorbeeld virtual reality in shopping malls .............................................................................................................. 46
6.3. Moderatie/mediatie/… .................................................................................................................................................. 47
2
, 6.3.1. Main (hoofd) vs. interaction effects ......................................................................................................................... 48
6.3.2. Testen mediation ...................................................................................................................................................... 48
6.4. Methode uitschrijven ..................................................................................................................................................... 49
6.4.1. Welke methode gebruik je? ...................................................................................................................................... 49
6.4.2. Methode – basis ....................................................................................................................................................... 49
6.4.3. Design: experiment ................................................................................................................................................... 49
6.4.4. Design: interview/focusgroep................................................................................................................................... 50
6.4.5. Design: secundaire data............................................................................................................................................ 50
6.4.6. Participanten (sample).............................................................................................................................................. 50
6.4.7. Speciale samples ....................................................................................................................................................... 50
6.4.8. Materiaal................................................................................................................................................................... 50
6.4.9. Panas schaal .............................................................................................................................................................. 51
6.4.10. BIG 5 ..................................................................................................................................................................... 52
6.4.11. Interne consistentie ............................................................................................................................................. 52
6.4.12. Schalen ................................................................................................................................................................. 52
6.4.13. Materiaal: bij gebruik nieuwe schaal ................................................................................................................... 53
6.4.14. Materiaal: focusgroepen/interviews.................................................................................................................... 53
6.4.15. Stimulusmateriaal ................................................................................................................................................ 53
6.4.16. Procedure ............................................................................................................................................................. 53
6.4.17. Pretest & manipulatiecheck ................................................................................................................................. 53
6.4.18. Kapstokzinnen ...................................................................................................................................................... 54
6.4.19. Gebruikte analyse ................................................................................................................................................ 54
7. Hoorcollege 6 – resultaten en discussie ..........................................................................................................................55
7.1. Resultaten + tabellen & figuren ..................................................................................................................................... 55
7.1.1. Resultatensectie ....................................................................................................................................................... 55
7.1.2. Rules of thumbs ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
7.1.3. Specifieke regels bv. APA stijl ................................................................................................................................... 55
7.1.4. Tabellen en figuren ................................................................................................................................................... 56
7.1.5. Rapportage resultaten .............................................................................................................................................. 57
7.2. Discussie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 65
7.2.1. Algemeen: trechterstructuur .................................................................................................................................... 65
7.2.2. Wat?.......................................................................................................................................................................... 65
7.2.3. Inhoud discussie: ...................................................................................................................................................... 65
7.2.4. Korte samenvatting resultaten ................................................................................................................................. 65
7.2.5. Theoretische implicaties ........................................................................................................................................... 66
7.2.6. Praktische implicaties ............................................................................................................................................... 66
7.2.7. Beperkingen .............................................................................................................................................................. 67
7.2.8. Future research......................................................................................................................................................... 67
7.2.9. Conclusie ................................................................................................................................................................... 67
7.3. Framework, tabellen, figuren buiten de resultaten ....................................................................................................... 67
8. Gastles – ACTO ...............................................................................................................................................................68
8.1. Taal- en stijlfouten: algemene bespreking..................................................................................................................... 68
8.1.1. Inleiding .................................................................................................................................................................... 68
8.1.2. Samenstellingen........................................................................................................................................................ 68
8.1.3. Indeling inleiding....................................................................................................................................................... 68
8.1.4. Structuur bevorderen ............................................................................................................................................... 69
8.1.5. Reverse outline ......................................................................................................................................................... 69
8.1.6. Tekst structureren .................................................................................................................................................... 69
8.1.7. Verwijzen .................................................................................................................................................................. 69
8.1.8. Herhaling specifieke woorden .................................................................................................................................. 69
8.1.9. Werkwoordstijlen ..................................................................................................................................................... 70
8.1.10. Zin in wetenschappelijke context......................................................................................................................... 70
8.2. Tools & bronnen ............................................................................................................................................................ 70
8.2.1. Woordenschat .......................................................................................................................................................... 70
9. Gastles AI .......................................................................................................................................................................71
3
, 9.1. Wat is het?..................................................................................................................................................................... 71
9.2. Beperkingen ................................................................................................................................................................... 72
9.3. Generatieve AI-tools in ons onderwijs ........................................................................................................................... 72
9.3.1. Wat kan het?............................................................................................................................................................. 72
9.3.2. GPT-valkuilen, naast beperkingen ............................................................................................................................ 73
9.3.3. Welke tools? ............................................................................................................................................................. 73
9.3.4. Hoe prompten? ......................................................................................................................................................... 73
9.3.5. Specifiek voor mijn thesis? ....................................................................................................................................... 74
9.4. Conclusie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 76
9.4.1. Implicaties ................................................................................................................................................................. 76
9.4.2. Evaluatievormen ....................................................................................................................................................... 76
10. Hoorcollege 9.............................................................................................................................................................80
10.1. Paragraphing ................................................................................................................................................................. 80
10.2. Engelse & Nederlandse woordenschat .......................................................................................................................... 80
10.2.1. Verwarrende woorden ......................................................................................................................................... 80
10.2.2. Verb affect & noun effect .................................................................................................................................... 81
10.2.3. Then vs. than ........................................................................................................................................................ 81
10.2.4. They’re, there and their ....................................................................................................................................... 81
10.2.5. Herschrijf in NL ..................................................................................................................................................... 82
10.2.6. Engels – time expressions .................................................................................................................................... 82
10.2.7. Engelse voorzetsels .............................................................................................................................................. 82
10.2.8. Countable & uncountable .................................................................................................................................... 84
10.2.9. Collective nouns ................................................................................................................................................... 84
10.2.10. Parallel structures ................................................................................................................................................ 85
10.2.11. Link words ............................................................................................................................................................ 86
10.3. Oefeningen (vervolg HOC 10) ........................................................................................................................................ 89
11. Hoorcollege 10 ...........................................................................................................................................................90
11.1. Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................................... 90
11.1.1. Grafisch abstract .................................................................................................................................................. 90
11.1.2. Structured abstract .............................................................................................................................................. 91
11.1.3. Abstract vs. introductie? ...................................................................................................................................... 91
11.2. Tips & trick mails ........................................................................................................................................................... 91
11.2.1. E-mail basis tips .................................................................................................................................................... 91
11.2.2. Mail tips thesis ..................................................................................................................................................... 92
11.3. Start to thesis................................................................................................................................................................. 92
11.3.1. Topic keuze .......................................................................................................................................................... 92
11.4. Exam info ....................................................................................................................................................................... 92
11.5. Q&A ............................................................................................................................................................................... 93
11.6. Oefeningen .................................................................................................................................................................... 94
4
,Hoorcollege 1
Academisch schrijven = set van skills
- Kritisch denken
- Herwerken
- Taalgebruik
- Evidence-based werken
- (Pre-)schrijven
- …
Discipline en geduld = heel belangrijk
Hoe skills leren? à Horen (wat houdt de skill in), observeren en oefenen skills (herkennen), feedback krijgen
op skills én doen (integreren in je gedrag)
- Ervaring à hoe beter je erin wordt à competent worden
AI-tool (new)
3 praktische regels rond GPT en BSC/MSC proeven die op dit moment in de guidelines staan
1) Geen plagiaat. Plastische omschrijving van wat onder plagiaat gerekend wordt: “als je het niet aan
een mens mag vragen, mag je het ook niet aan een taalmodel vragen”
2) Wees 100% transparant over wat je dan wel doet
3) Geen vertrouwelijke gegevens delen
Niet zomaar brainless gebruiken! Meer info hierover in latere HOC + gastles
5 rules of conversational AI:
- Rule 1: understand how the model works: biases and limitations
- Rule 2: focus on tasks that are easy to verify, difficult to generate
- Rule 3: if you are copy-pasting, you are doing it wrong
- Rule 4: consider the feedback loops
- Rule 5: maintain data and IP privacy
5
, Hoorcollege 2
1. Hoofdstuk 1: onderzoeksproces
Intro:
• Voor wie ga ik schrijven? M.a.w. wie is mijn doelpubliek?
• Wat is het doel van mijn tekst?
• Dit vak focus op wetenschappelijke paper en thesis
1.1. Fasen onderzoeksproces:
• Kies topic
• Brainstormen over topic
o Bv.mindmap/inhoudstafel
§ Mindmap: voeg bronnen toe, praat erover, laat rusten & bekijk het opnieuw en situeer
je onderzoeksvraag
§ Inhoudstafel maken: maak snel een eerste draft van een inhoudstafel, zal veranderen
doorheen de tijd, denk na over welke ‘pointes’ je wil maken
§ Teken je plan = tekenen van je globaal idee kan helpen om na te denken over
onderzoek→zoek wat werkt
• Exploratie wetenschappelijke literatuur
o Veel papers lezen, nadenken, synthese maken
o Wetenschappelijke paper:
Vaste ingrediënten, maar er is variatie (bv. in domeinen, type onderzoek, etc.):
§ Probleemstelling of onderzoeksvraag
§ Die je door middel van wetenschappelijk onderzoek (tal van methodes mogelijk)
tracht te beantwoorden
§ Meestal geschreven door wetenschappers
§ Focus wetenschappelijke relevatie en minder op industrie (al begint dit te veranderen
bv. managerial implicaties service domein)
§ Beredeneerde argumentatie is key: obv iemand anders zijn voorgaand onderzoek
§ Strikt onderscheid tussen denken en weten→type paper (onderbouwen en opletten
met zaken te stellen bv. introductie en literatuur = denken)
§ Klassieke structuur: inleiding – middenstuk – besluit (zie verder)
o Verschillende types wetenschappelijke papers: verschillen in domeinen→ken je domein
§ Method & future research papers: onmiddellijk veel info over een bepaald topic
§ Empirische papers: data zelf gaan verzamelen (thesis vaak empirisch onderzoek)
§ Review paper & conceptuele paper
§ Tip: Overview papers rond topic, research agenda's, review papers (bv. systematic
literature reviews) zijn handig startpunt
• Uitwerken probleemstelling/onderzoeksvragen/hypotheses/...
o Start breed naar iets meer specifiek
• Keuze methode en design: hoe gaan we de onderzoeksvraag onderzoeken? (niet elke methode is
voor alle onderzoeksvragen geschikt)
o Bv. survey vs. experiment vs. interviews, ...
• Tekst schema: soort inhoudstafel over wat er in de paper moet
o boomstructuur/inhoudstafel
• Schrijven (kan al vroeger starten en vaak doorheen proces veranderen)
à Loopt soms door elkaar
6
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