BIOD 121 (Portage) Module 4 Q&As 2024
Vitamins - ANS-Organic compounds required in small amounts that regulate and
support body processes
Essential vitamins - ANS-Found in both plant and animal sources, and the majority
cannot be synthesized.
Enrichment - ANS-Adding lost nutrients, from milling and processing, back into the final
product.
Fortification - ANS-Supplementing a product with additional vitamins not normally found
in the product
Fat-soluble - ANS-Dependent on dietary fat for absorption; stored in adipose tissue and
liver.
Xeropthalmia - ANS-Abnormal dryness due to a vitamin A deficiency
Retinal - ANS-Helps the eyes adjust from bright to dim light.
Antioxidant - ANS-Inhibits oxidation via stopping substances (oxidants) from causing
damage to cells.
Vitamin D - ANS-Vitamin and a hormone that regulates calcium levels and bone
metabolism.
Rickets - ANS-Poor mineralization of bone due to inadequate calcium deposits.
Characterized by bowed legs.
Osteomalcia - ANS-Inadequate calcium absorption and deposition in the bones of
adults which leads to soft bones
Osteoporosis - ANS-With age, bone mass decreases, bones thin and become porous.
Vitamin E - ANS-Antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from free radicals.
, Tocopherol - ANS-Chemical name of Vitamin E
Free radicals - ANS-Alter a cell's DNA, damage cell membranes, and increase the risk
for cancer.
Vitamin K - ANS-Involved in the process of coagulation (blood clotting)
Water-soluble vitamins - ANS-Absorbed into the blood stream and easily dissolve in
water.
Coenzymes - ANS-Small molecules that bind to inactive enzymes and, once bound,
cause the enzyme to become active.
Bioavailability - ANS-The amount of a vitamin that is absorbed and available to the
body. (high=50-90%)
Thiamin (B1) - ANS-Works with enzymes to promote metabolism of glucose. (converts
carbs to energy)
Beriberi: - ANS-Thiamin-deficiency disease; loss of sensation in the hands and feet,
muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, and abnormal heart action
Riboflavin (B2): - ANS-Antioxidant necessary for vitamin and mineral metabolism, and
used during energy metabolism (requires oxygen).
Ariboflavinosis - ANS-Riboflavin deficiency (rare)
glossitis- inflammation of tongue
cheilosis- cracks around mouth
sun sensitivity
confusion
Niacin (B3) - ANS-Nicotinic acid or Nicotinamide.
Releases energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Can be made from tryptophan.
Pellagra - ANS-Niacin deficiency.
Means "rough skin".
4Ds: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, & death.
Pantothenic acid - ANS-Component of coenzyme A (CoA).
Vitamins - ANS-Organic compounds required in small amounts that regulate and
support body processes
Essential vitamins - ANS-Found in both plant and animal sources, and the majority
cannot be synthesized.
Enrichment - ANS-Adding lost nutrients, from milling and processing, back into the final
product.
Fortification - ANS-Supplementing a product with additional vitamins not normally found
in the product
Fat-soluble - ANS-Dependent on dietary fat for absorption; stored in adipose tissue and
liver.
Xeropthalmia - ANS-Abnormal dryness due to a vitamin A deficiency
Retinal - ANS-Helps the eyes adjust from bright to dim light.
Antioxidant - ANS-Inhibits oxidation via stopping substances (oxidants) from causing
damage to cells.
Vitamin D - ANS-Vitamin and a hormone that regulates calcium levels and bone
metabolism.
Rickets - ANS-Poor mineralization of bone due to inadequate calcium deposits.
Characterized by bowed legs.
Osteomalcia - ANS-Inadequate calcium absorption and deposition in the bones of
adults which leads to soft bones
Osteoporosis - ANS-With age, bone mass decreases, bones thin and become porous.
Vitamin E - ANS-Antioxidant, protecting cell membranes from free radicals.
, Tocopherol - ANS-Chemical name of Vitamin E
Free radicals - ANS-Alter a cell's DNA, damage cell membranes, and increase the risk
for cancer.
Vitamin K - ANS-Involved in the process of coagulation (blood clotting)
Water-soluble vitamins - ANS-Absorbed into the blood stream and easily dissolve in
water.
Coenzymes - ANS-Small molecules that bind to inactive enzymes and, once bound,
cause the enzyme to become active.
Bioavailability - ANS-The amount of a vitamin that is absorbed and available to the
body. (high=50-90%)
Thiamin (B1) - ANS-Works with enzymes to promote metabolism of glucose. (converts
carbs to energy)
Beriberi: - ANS-Thiamin-deficiency disease; loss of sensation in the hands and feet,
muscular weakness, advancing paralysis, and abnormal heart action
Riboflavin (B2): - ANS-Antioxidant necessary for vitamin and mineral metabolism, and
used during energy metabolism (requires oxygen).
Ariboflavinosis - ANS-Riboflavin deficiency (rare)
glossitis- inflammation of tongue
cheilosis- cracks around mouth
sun sensitivity
confusion
Niacin (B3) - ANS-Nicotinic acid or Nicotinamide.
Releases energy from carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Can be made from tryptophan.
Pellagra - ANS-Niacin deficiency.
Means "rough skin".
4Ds: dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, & death.
Pantothenic acid - ANS-Component of coenzyme A (CoA).
