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Tectonic Hazards and Processes flashcards
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Tectonic Hazard and processes A-level/AS-level AQA flashcards
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Question AnswerDefine natural hazard They are a natural/geophysical event that has the potential
to threaten both life and property.
Define disaster "This is when the natural hazard actually happens and harms
people, the environment or the economy"
Define vulnerability How susceptible an area or population is to damage from
natural hazard events
What are the factors that influence the vulnerability of a population? #NAME?
What are the 4 stages of the hazard management cycle? Response -> recovery ->
mitigation -> preparedness
What are the stages of Park's model (aka the disaster response curve)? Preparation
-> response -> reconstruction -> mitigation
What is the hazard risk equation? Risk = (hazard x vulnerability)/capacity to
cope
What are the headings under vulnerability in the PAR model?#NAME?
Define asthenosphere. The part of the mantle below the lithosphere where rock is
semi-molten.
Define Benioff zone. "The are where friction is created between colliding
tectonic plates, resulting in intermediate and deep earthquakes."
Define collision boundary. When two continental plates collide forming fold
mountains as there is no subduction.
Define constructive boundary. When two plates spread apart causing magma to be
released and new land being made.
Define conservative bounday. "When plates move alongside each other in the same or
different direction, causing friction to build."
Define convection. "Heat from the core makes magma in the mantle rise towards
the crust. As the hot current nears the crust, it begins to cool and sink back
towards the core. As the magma sinks, it drags the plates across the surface of the
Earth."
What is the core? The extremely hot centre of the Earth.
What is the crust (continental and oceanic)? "The thinnest chemical layer and
the outer layer of the Earth.
Oceanic is denser, made of basalt and thinner while continental is less dense, made
of granite and thicker."
What is Degg's model? "Shows the interaction between hazards and human
vulnerability.
Claims disasters only occur when a vulnerable population is exposed to a hazard"
Define destructive boundaries. When the denser oceanic crust sinks beneath the
continental crust.
Define epicentre. The point on the Earths surface directly above the focus of an
earthquake.
Define the focus. The point inside the Earths crust from which pressure is released
when as earthquake occurs.
Define geophysical hazard. A hazard caused by land processes on a large or local
scale and include tectonic or geomorphological hazards.
Define governance. The organisation that controls/oversees a country.
What is a hazard profile? "A diagram that shows the main characteristics of a
tectonic hazard.
A single hazard could be plotted or several could be to compare events.
They can help governments develop disaster plans."
Define HILP High impact Low probability.
Define hotspot. Points within the middle of a tectonic plate where plumes of hot
magma rise and erupt.
Define hydrometeorological hazard. "Natural hazards caused by climate processes
(e.g. droughts, floods and storms)"
Define intensity. The measurable amount of a property e.g. force
Define jökulhlaups. Glacial outburst floods.
Define lahar. Volcanic mud slides.
Define lava. Molten or partially molten rock.
, Define land-use zoning. A process by which local government regulates how land in a
community may be used.
Define lithosphere. "The solid layer, made from the crust and upper mantle,
from which tectonic plates form."
Define liquefaction. When the violent shaking during an earthquake causes
surface rocks to lose strength and become more liquid than solid.
Define logarithmic. A count that goes up the same amount each time
Define a love wave. "The fastest surface wave, has the longest wavelength and
moves side to side while going forward."
Define magma. Extremely hot liquid & semi-liquid rock located in the mantle.
Define magnitude. A number that characterises the relative size of a tectonic
event.
Define mantle. "The second chemical layer of the Earth that is made of molten
magma (iron, magnesium and periodite)q"
Define mantle plume. A rock upwelling from the mantle that is extremely hot.
Causes most hot spots.
Define mega-disaster. "A natural disaster of immense magnitude or one that causes
severe damage.
Characterised by 2000+ deaths or 200,000+ homeless etc,"
What is the Mercalli scale? A scale of earthquake intensity ranging from I to
XII.
Define mesosphere. The third mechanical layer of the earth. It is solid due to
pressure.
Define mid-oceanic ridge. When two oceanic plates move apart in the ocean.
Define moho. The boundary between the crust and the mantle.
What is the moment magnitude scale. A way to quantify an earthquake's magnitude.
Define multiple hazard zone. An area that is at high risk from multiple natural
hazards.
Define ocean trench. "Long, narrow depressions on the seafloor as a result of
tectonic activity at convergent plate boundaries."
Define palaeomagnetism. The study of past changes in the Earths magnetic field.
What is the Park's Model? It shows how a country or region might respond after
a hazard event.
What is the Pressure and Release Model (PAR)? "A tool used to work out how
vulnerable a country is to hazards.
The 'release' idea represents the reduction of disaster via relieving pressure to
reduce vulnerability"
Define primary wave. The fastest body wave which arrives first. It moves through
rock and fluid in an accordion movement.
Define a pyroclastic flow. A flow of tephra and volcanic rock
Define Rayleigh wave. "The slowest, last to arrive wave. Moves only through the
crust. Responsible for the movement and shaking felt. Rolling movement."
Define resilience. The ability to cope and recover
Define rheid. Partially liquid.
Define ridge-push. Where lava hardens between ridges push the plates apart.
Define risk. The probability of a hazard occurring that leads to loss of life
or livelihoods
Define sea floor spreading. Mid-oceanic ridges form new crust when magma cools
which pushes plates apart.
Define secondary wave. The slowest main body wave that arrives second. It only
moves through the solid rock and moves up and down.
Define seismic gap theory. Predicting the magnitude of an earthquake via its
frequency.
Define seismic wave. A wave of energy that travels through the earth.
What is a seimometer? Measures the movement of the ground to measure an
earthquake/volcano
What is a shield volcano? "A short, effusive volcano with effusive explosions
that are made only of lava."
Define slab-pull. "When newly formed oceanic crust sinks into the mantle, pulling
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