Summary
Summary The changing geography of civil rights
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A summary of the whole geography unit of the civil rights course
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Changing geographical distribution of1850 :
↳
black Americans
The Atlantic slave trade brought
The first great migration : 1910-30 :
↳
black slaves to the USA
.
1 6 million
.
migrated North because of :
↳ ↳
1790 : 700 000 , Black Americans (19 % of population Jim Crow
↳ ↳
slavery was unique to the south-east Lynching in the south
↳
1850 : 3 2 million black
. slaves ↳
overdependance on the cotton crop (frequent slumps ,
1913-15 , 1920
,
400 , 000 freemen and lower 1922
wages 500 000 cotton
. , workers migrated North in
↳
slaves were worth 3/s of a white person ↳
In the North there was :
-
Write European Immigrants in the North ↳
Better wages
drivalled slave labour ↳
shortage of labour during wwy
↳
1819 : Missouri compromise ↳
Northern relatives + black communities
Freedom in 1865 :
↳
emancipation proclamation
Disadvantages of Migration :
↳
North wins the civil war
↳
Family + friends left behund
↳
13th amendment
↳
Northern race predusice made finding employment difficult
Reasons for staying in the South :
↳
high using costs
↳
use improved during reconstruction
↳
Ghettos were de facto segregated
-Black southerners given the vote ↳
Race riots
-
federal troops restrained white supremacists
↳
migration was daunting to most freed slaves
The first Great Migration :
-
Illiterate + unskilled
↳
↳
Smillion black southerners migrated North-west between
Northern unions excluded black labour
1940 + 1970
.
The Slow drift North :
↳
and world war : 2 Million sought well paid employment in
↳
The end of reconstruction and introduction of
defense industries in Northern + Western States
Jim Crow led to a considerable out
migration ↳
Densely black populated Northern atles led to greater black
of the old south
consciousness +
political power - e .
g 1941 ,
black trade union
In
↳
1879 , 20
, 000 black Mississppian' Exodusters'
leader A .
Phillip Randolf's promise to bring Washington DC
migrated to Kansas
to a standstill forced Roosevelt to promote equality in the
↳
southern white fears about the economic impact
defense industries .
of the loss of black labour
-
chicagos black population : 250 , 000 (1940) to 500 , 000 (1950)
↳
Between 1880 and 1900 ,
Chicagos Black population
↳
Wartime overcrowding led to race riots e .
g Detriot 1943
rose from 6480 to 30 , 150 and New Yorks from
65 000 to
, 100 , 000
.
-
Advantages +
Disadvantages of the North :
↳
Many had a better life In the North
back to the old south :
migration
↳
Migration helped generate greater race consciousness ↳
Northern Ghettos continued to deteriorate
-
whites attacked the black population and colluded in t
the south changed dramatically after the 1960s
various methods of race control ↳
Defacto segragation was less pronounced in the south e .
g Atlanta
Northern white race control .
↳
less Violence
↳
Violence (NYC 1900)
↳
↳
Northern Rust belt was in decune , companies flocked to the booming
Gerrymandering e .
g
. in 1897 , Bostons City Council redrew
elector al South where unions were less powerful , land was cheaper + there
& stricts to dilute the black vote
↳ were tax breaks
By 1891 , 30 states In the North-west had adopted the secret
↳
returning to ancestral home
ballot ,
partly to exclude illiterate black Voters
↳
white landowners + landlords usually refused to sell orrent
homes to blacks in areas traditionally inhabited by whites
↳
school boards promoted de facto segragation
↳
Labour unions excluded black voters
, Reasons for mass migration :
↳
Real estate price crash made property cheap
landlords were desperate for owners of any
significance of Migration : colour
.
↳ ↳
between 1890 to 1930 ,
NYCs black population Black real estate entreprenuer Phillip Payton
rose from 70 000 to 200 , 000
, . Jo brought in black tennants through his Afro-
↳
Between 1920 and 1930 , 000 black migrants American
,
100
realty company
&
arived in Harlem , 000
but over 100 whites Race riots In NYC led black New Yorkers to
exited seek other accommodation .
↳
The concentration of large numbers of black
Americans generated a sense of togetherness mus
and empowerment which made Harlem into
a cultural centre
.
an
-
Harlem
heading organisations + activists :
↳ NAACP Harlem Chapter : 1910
↳
Me
W E . .
B DU Bois
↳
A .
Phillip Randolf : 1925 Black, labour union
um
↳
Marcus Garvey
Harlems problems :
↳
poor relations between the black community and white
police officers led to rots e .
g 1935 + 43
.
↳
Poverty was a major cause of 111 health
, infant mortality
was twice that of NYC
.
↳
high rent
↳
schools were overcrowded +
decaying
↳
drugs prostitution
,
+ homocide
↳
unemployment during the Great depression
White
↳
vacism made employment difficult
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