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Summary Alevel history USA conformity and challenge notes
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challengeUrbanization and affluence – • Suburban conformity – ‘age of • Black Americans in the south – social • Social welfare and
• Car ownership – post war economic boom saw conformity’, American values were inferiority (segregation in public facilities - • Unemployment – 19
job security and more money to spend. 1955 replaced with co-operation, ‘colored water fountain, side door for food
alone 7.9 million new cars were manufactured. redevelopment act
standardization and conformity. service, colored toilets). Politically (80% extent employment
Cars were luxurious and reflected status(white
rich men Cadillacs working class ford), mobility • Critics to suburbia – liberals argued they couldn’t vote, stopped by white southern poorly funded but c
and freedom (young people had sex in there car were the ‘bland leading the bland’, and through threats, unfair literacy tests and and 15,000 in traini
as much as at home) (women dodge la femme). Rowland stated ‘slurbs and disturbia’. expensive poll tax $16). Economic million still unemplo
Car ownership rose from 39 million 1950 to 73 And a key critic was the organization (growing black middle class, but majority not reauthorize in 1
million 1960. 41,000 miles of interstate highway man – best selling novel about the had inferior status due to low paid jobs.
was constructed. redevelopment act
middle-class men 2 million copies. Book Jobs due to segregated education – less
• On the road culture – fast food, movies, 1960 228 program's in 40 sta
argued that suburbs promoted just money than white and less qualified
McDonalds. ‘getting along’ and corporations had teachers). Legal (no protection in courts,
numbers.
• White collar - More people in service industry, created a new personality the Emmit till, was murdered and his • Poor – Social securit
7.6 million service workers and 7 million more 1961 – elderly and d
white collar workers. New tech meant people organization man, becoming murderers boasted but no punishment)
subservient to the ethos of big • Montgomery bus boycott – NAACP aim extended. Minimum
relied less on blue collar, workforce 3% decrease.
By 1960 service out numbered manual workers, businesses. Promoted in school, through to make black Americans free, used $0.25, and covered
34 million to 25 million. Led to economically personality tests. methods such as the crisis – newspaper. But half a million of
depressed areas. Middle class salaries increased • Film and TV – Local protests and the 1954 Brown ruling covered(150,000 bl
by 61% • TV - promoted conformity in sitcoms, which banned racial segregation (but no Omnibus housing ac
• Suburbs – automobile allowed people to ‘father knows best’ which portrayed enforcement powers so many schools extension to existin
commute to work, move away from cities. Not domestic bliss as mothers stayed home. remained segregated). Turned to urban renewal and
new – 17% lived in 1920s, but rapid growth 1948-
58 11 million of 13 million houses built were in Promoted consumerism ‘I remember community protest – occurred following low interest loans. B
the suburbs. 33% Americans suburbanites. mama’, a decline in education scores 1955 Rosa parks refusal to give up her contractors and dev
• The growth was due to post war housing and promoted inactivity. Promoted seat, a year long boycott 50,00 the poor.
shortage, lenient mortgages for veterans 90%, conformity to appeal to the masses. participated. Success 1956 Montgomery • Executive powers, t
cheaper lands and more suburban homes, and Example, white racism hard to keep buses were desegregated areas of high unem
the ‘white flight’. sponsorship for the nat king cole show, • Martin Luther king emerged in 1957, with piloted the food sta
• Levittown's – Levit brothers, 17,000 homes – because cole was a black American. the SCLC to continue the battle.
offered shops, pools, bowling – residents must 240,000 people and
Some argued that TV promoted a • White reaction – white citizens councils programme to 85,0
conform to rules – weekly lawn mowing and
uniform washing days. VERY POPULAR (queues). national culture, giving people access to (used arrests and threats, but increased
• Failures – failed to g
• Cities – white flight created ghettos (Chicago). more perspectives, as some black sympathy, 250,000 members,
initiatives, senior ci
Whites contributed to segregation through documentaries challenged conformity methods like propaganda, sponsored
and prejudice, such as open mind, white children). KKK (armed white racist lliavte elderly pover
Levittown's, lending practices, 1951 riots, federal
polices. Federal gov – FHA gave low cuts stated ideas about ‘new negro’ and the group which was revitalized post brown stuck in congress, r
mortgages but excluded applicants considered a airing of little rock 1957. ruling, they bombed kings house 1956, of urban affairs and
risk (unharmonious racial groups), and they tour • Film - promoted popular conservative attacked freedom riders, Birmingham legislation or chang
down ghettos to make more expensive buildings. values – such as evil Indians, but 1963, burnings, shootings, murders – policy.
• Consumerism and domestic tech – economic change towards promotion of sex, like membership tripled). • Because congress f
prosperity – 30% more purchasing power in 1960, southerners. Dislike
can buy cars and labor saving (dishwasher, hoover, 1956 babydoll, and 1952 SC allowed • Little rock crisis 1957 – aim to
freezer). Became part of American dream (ability liberalization of film. 1956 banned desegregate the school 9 black students bargaining and the
to by what you want). Teens a huge consumer – interracial couples but ‘island in the sun tried to enter in 1957, National guard invasion.
10 mil record players, 1.5 billion on entertainment 1957’. Not as liberal as Broadway (blue used to keep the children out, President • The peace corps –
and 145 million gallons of ice-cream. White denim). Also challenged race – ‘defiant Eisenhower sent troops to protect them. African counties 44,
people 2000 moe than black people income ones’, black and white chained Shows how the ruling had little impact, as volunteers to poore
together. BUT Hollywood cannot risk the children faced violent attacks pushed aim to strong soviet
financial gain, paths of glory, critically down stairs. Televised so gained approval.
acclaimed but not popular. Teen sympathy nation wide. • War - Cuba – 1959
rebellion (often returns to conform • Birmingham 1963 – Kings SCLC invasion on cuba se
eventually - rebel without a cause. campaign, aimed to desegregate public in 1962. Vietnam –
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