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Samenvatting volledige cursus chemische en biomedische analyse

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(Behaalde score:18/20) Dit document is een beknopte samenvatting van de cursus, handig om een goed overzicht te hebben over de leerstof.

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June 1, 2024
Number of pages
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2023/2024
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Inhoud
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding...........................................................................................................................11
Hoofdstuk 2: Algemene principes van de spectroscopie......................................................................12
2.4 Monochromators of golflengteselectie.......................................................................................12
Hoofdstuk 3: Nucleair magnetische resonantiespectroscopie = NMR..................................................13
3.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Kernspin en NMR-actieve kernen.........................................................................................13
3.1.2 Kernspin en energieniveaus in een magnetisch veld............................................................13
3.1.3 Verdeling van de deeltjes tussen magnetische quantumtoestanden...................................13
3.2 Opname van het NMR spectrum................................................................................................13
3.3 Relaxatieprocessen.....................................................................................................................13
3.4 Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................13
3.5 Chemische shift...........................................................................................................................13
3.5.1 Relatieve frequentie.............................................................................................................13
3.5.2 Factoren die chemische shift beïnvloeden...........................................................................13
3.6 Hyperfijnstructuur: spin-spin koppeling......................................................................................13
3.7 Toepassingen van NMR...............................................................................................................14
3.7.1 Proton NMR.........................................................................................................................14
3.7.2 Koolstof-13 NMR..................................................................................................................14
3.7.3 Fosfor-31 NMR.....................................................................................................................14
3.7.4 Fluor-19 NMR.......................................................................................................................14
3.7.5 Biomedische toepassingen..................................................................................................14
Hoofdstuk 4: Infraroodspectroscopie...................................................................................................15
4.1 Absorptie van IR straling door moleculen...................................................................................15
4.1.1 Het IR spectrum...................................................................................................................15
4.1.2 Dipoolmoment en IR absorptie............................................................................................15
4.1.3 Moleculaire vibraties en vibratiespectra..............................................................................15
4.1.4 Moleculaire rotaties en rotatiespectra.................................................................................15
4.1.5 Rotatie-vibratiespectra.........................................................................................................15
4.1.6 Karakteristieke groepsvibraties............................................................................................15
4.1.7 Vingerafdrukgebied..............................................................................................................15
4.2 Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................15
4.2.1 Dispersieve spectrometers  sequëntiele mode....................................................................15
4.2.2 (Enkelstraal) Fourier transform infrarood spectrometer = FTIR  simultane analyse .............15
4.2.3 Niet-dispersieve IR fotometers.............................................................................................16

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, 4.2.4 Reflectiespectrofotometers.................................................................................................16
4.3 Onderdelen van de IR spectrometer...........................................................................................16
4.3.1 Lichtbron (kunnen opsommen!)..........................................................................................16
4.3.2 Dispersiesysteem.................................................................................................................16
4.3.3 Detector...............................................................................................................................16
4.4 Monsteranalysetechnieken.........................................................................................................17
4.4.1 Transmissie analyse..............................................................................................................17
4.4.2 Reflectieanalyse...................................................................................................................17
4.5 Toepassingen..............................................................................................................................17
4.5.1 Kwalitatieve analyse.............................................................................................................17
4.5.2 Kwantitatieve analyse..........................................................................................................17
4.5.3 IR spectrum na chromatografische scheiding......................................................................17
Hoofdstuk 5: UV/VIS absorptiespectroscopie.......................................................................................18
5.1 Principe.......................................................................................................................................18
5.2 Elektronenspectra van moleculen...............................................................................................18
5.3 Lichtabsorptie door moleculen...................................................................................................18
5.4 Absorptiecurven.........................................................................................................................18
5.5 Onderdelen van de UV/VIS spectrofotometer............................................................................18
5.5.1 Lichtbron..............................................................................................................................18
5.5.2 Monochromator..................................................................................................................18
5.5.3 Detector...............................................................................................................................18
5.5.4 Kuvetten of monsterhouders...............................................................................................18
5.5 Instrumentatie 5.5.5 Enkelstraal spectrofotometers...................................................................19
5.5.6 Dubbelstraal spectrofotometers..........................................................................................19
5.5.7 Spectrofotometers met DAD................................................................................................19
5.7 Toepassingen van UV/VIS spectrofotometrie..............................................................................19
5.7.1 identificatie en bepaling ORGANISCHE STOFFEN.................................................................19
5.7.2 Bepaling van aminozuren (zie hierboven)............................................................................20
5.7.3 Studie van chemische evenwichten.....................................................................................20
5.7.4 Bepaling van reactiesnelheidsconstanten............................................................................20
5.7.5 Zuiverheidscontrole of confirmatie analyse.........................................................................20
5.8 Visuele colorimetrie....................................................................................................................20
5.9 Kwantitatieve bepalingen van ORGANISCHE STOFFEN in het UV/VIS  VOORWAARDEN! ............20
5.10 Multicomponentanalyse...........................................................................................................20
Hoofdstuk 6: Fluorimetrie.....................................................................................................................21
6.1 Principe.......................................................................................................................................21

2

, 6.2 Verband tussen fluorescentie en concentratie...........................................................................21
6.3 Onderdelen van de fluorimeter..................................................................................................21
6.3.1 Lichtbron..............................................................................................................................21
6.3.2 Aanslagmonochromator (rooster) of primaire filter............................................................21
6.3.3 Kuvet en monster.................................................................................................................21
6.3.4 Emissiemonochromator (rooster) of secundaire filter........................................................21
6.3.5 Detector en meetsysteem....................................................................................................21
6.3 Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................22
6.4 Toepassingen..............................................................................................................................22
6.5 Chemiluminescentie...................................................................................................................22
6.5.1 Principe................................................................................................................................22
6.5.2 Instrumentatie.....................................................................................................................22
6.5.3 Toepassingen.......................................................................................................................22
6.6 Lichtverstrooiing: turbidimetrie en nefelometrie........................................................................22
6.6.1 Principe................................................................................................................................22
6.6.2 Instrumentatie.....................................................................................................................22
6.6.3 Toepassingen.......................................................................................................................22
Hoofdstuk 7: Atomaire aborptiespectroscopie.....................................................................................23
7.1 Absorptie van straling door atomen...........................................................................................23
7.2 Onderdelen van de atomaire absorptiespectrofotometer..........................................................23
7.2.1 Stralingsbron........................................................................................................................23
7.2.2 Atomisatiesysteem...............................................................................................................23
7.2.3 Monochromator..................................................................................................................23
7.2.4 Detectie- en meetsysteem...................................................................................................23
7.2 Instrumentatie............................................................................................................................24
7.3 Niet-specifieke absorptie............................................................................................................24
7.4 Interferenties..............................................................................................................................24
7.4.1 Fysische interferentie...........................................................................................................24
7.4.2 Chemische interferentie.......................................................................................................24
7.4.3 Ionisatie-interferentie..........................................................................................................24
7.4.4 Spectraalinterferentie..........................................................................................................24
7.5 Concentratiebepaling..................................................................................................................24
7.5.1 De kalibratiecurvemethode.................................................................................................24
7.5.2 De standaardadditiemethode..............................................................................................24
7.6 Toepassingen..............................................................................................................................24
Hoofdstuk 8: Atomaire emissiespectroscopie.......................................................................................25

3

, 8.1 Atomaire emissiespectra.............................................................................................................25
8.2 Vlamfotometrie..........................................................................................................................25
8.2.1 Instrumentatie....................................................................................................................25
8.2.1 Onderdelen van de vlamfotometer......................................................................................25
8.2.2 Toepassingen.......................................................................................................................25
8.3 Inductief gekoppeld plasma : ICP-AES.........................................................................................25
8.3.1 Instrumentatie.....................................................................................................................25
8.3.1 Onderdelen van ICP.............................................................................................................26
8.5 Gehyfeneerde technieken...........................................................................................................26
8.6 Toepassingen..............................................................................................................................26
Hoofdstuk 9: X-straalspectroscopie......................................................................................................27
9.1 X-straalspectra............................................................................................................................27
9.2 X-straalmethoden.......................................................................................................................27
9.2.1 X-straalabsorptie..................................................................................................................27
9.2.2 X-straalfluorescentie = XRF..................................................................................................27
9.2.3 X-straaldiffractie = XRD........................................................................................................27
9.2.4 X-straal emissie....................................................................................................................27
9.3 X-straal generators......................................................................................................................27
9.3.1 X-straalbuizen......................................................................................................................27
9.3.2 Radioisotopenbronnen........................................................................................................28
9.3.3 Andere excitatietechnieken: excitatie van atomen door snelle elektronen.........................28
9.4 X-straal fluorescentiespectrometers...........................................................................................28
9.4.1 Golflengte dispersieve XRF = WDXRF...................................................................................28
9.4.2 Energiedispersieve XRF = EDXRF..........................................................................................29
9.5 Kwalitatieve en kwantitatieve analyse met XRF..........................................................................30
9.5.1 Interferenties.......................................................................................................................30
9.5.2 Kwantitatieve analyse..........................................................................................................30
9.5.3 Interpretatie van XRF spectra...............................................................................................30
9.5.4 Monstervoorbereiding.........................................................................................................30
9.5.5 Toepassingen.......................................................................................................................30
9.6 X-straalkristallografie..................................................................................................................30
9.6.1 Principe................................................................................................................................30
9.6.2 X-straaldiffractometrie.........................................................................................................30
Hoofdstuk 10: Massaspectroscopie......................................................................................................31
10.1 Principe.....................................................................................................................................31
10.2 Bepaling van de massa/lading verhouding: Principe.................................................................31

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