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NUR 321 - Pathophysiology (Radford University) Chapter 8
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NUR 321 - Pathophysiology (Radford University) Chapter 8
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NUR 321 - Pathophysiology (RadfordUniversity) Chapter 8
acid - ANS--H+
-normal value = 7.35 - 7.45
-blocks Na+ gates
-controls respiratory rate
-individual acids have different functions:
-->byproducts of energy metab (carbonic, lactic acids)
-->digestion (HCl)
-->"food" for brain (ketoacids)
acidosis - ANS-decreased pH
Addison's - ANS-deficiency in aldosterone effect
-prevents K+ excretion
-treat with glucose to move K+ back to ICF
ADH - ANS--vasopressin hormone (vasoconstriction)
-increase in ADH caused by pain, trauma, nausea, surgery, drugs, nicotine
-alcohol lowers ADH
-1st response is to retain fluid
-if water is retained, so it Na+, which means K+ is excreted as a result
aldosterone - ANS--secreted by adrenal cortex
-supports K+ secretion
-supports Na+ and H2O retention
-stress, trauma increase cortisol, which increases aldosterone, so increase transfer of
ICF K+ to ECF
alkalosis - ANS-increased pH
alterations in isotonic fluid volume - ANS-*deficit*
-decrease in ECF, hypovolemia
*excess*
-increase in ECF
-retention (Na and H2O resorbed)
-renal failure, heart failure
, capillary colloidal osmotic pressure - ANS-pulls water back into capillaries
pore size controls
capillary pressure - ANS-pushes water out of capillary
cause of fluid in capillary - ANS-result of pressure in the capillary that pulled/kept fluid in
(capillary COP) and pressure pushing fluid out of the tissue (tissue hydrostatic pressure)
decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure - ANS-inadequate production or
abnormal loss of plasma proteins, mainly albumin
diffusion - ANS-movement of particles along a concentration gradient
disorders of ADH - ANS-*diabetes insipidus* - unable to concentrate urine, does not
respond to ADH, frequent urination, deficiency of ADH
*SIADH* -syndrome of inappropriate ADH, failure of negative feedback system
disorders of calcium - ANS--hypo*Ca*lcemia (serum Ca < 8.5 mg/dl)
-hyper*Ca*lcemia (serum Ca > 10.5 mg/dl)
disorders of magnesium - ANS--hypomagnesemia
-hypermagnesemia
disorders of potassium - ANS--hypo*Ka*lemia - cardiac symptoms, but not serious
-hyper*Ka*lemia - if cardiac sx, potentially fatal, too much heart contractility, stops
performing
-laxatives, enema lead to K+ deficiency
disorders of sodium - ANS-serum values increase proportionate to water decrease
-hypo*Na*tremia (if inc H2O, dec Na+, muscle cramps, weakness)
-hyper*Na*tremia (if inc Na+ in serum, then cell dehydration results, cell shrinks)
disorders of thirst - ANS-hypodipsia and polydipsia
edema - ANS--palpable swelling produced by an increase in interstitial fluid volume
-local or generalized
extracellular fluid - ANS--outside the cell (ECF)
-plasma, interstitial, third space (cavities)
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