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NUR 321 - Final exam flashcards
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NUR 321 - Final exam flashcardsAcute dystonia = - ANS-muscles spasms of the face, tongue, neck & back
facial grimacing, involuntary upward eye movements, laryngeal spasms (think:
AIRWAY!)
Akathisia = - ANS-constant motion (pacing), restlessness, trouble standing still, rocking
back and forth
Antidiarrheals - ANS-• Purpose: to DECREASE GI HYPERmotility
• are used AFTER nonpharmacologic interventions have been tried
• Caution: Antidiarrheals should not be used for more than 2 days or if fever is present
(bc if fever is present out body is fighting off an infection & diarrhea is a way for our
body to get that bacteria/virus OUT!!)
Antiulcer Meds lecture - ANS-
bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto-Bismol) - ANS-Drug class: Antidiarrheals, Subclass -
Adsorbents (prototype)
• MOA: coats GI tract (the lining of the stomach & intestine) to prevent absorption of
bacteria or toxins. Kills some bacteria bc it coats everything.
• Uses: for tx diarrhea, heatburn, gas
• SE: darkening of the tongue & stools (black, tarry stools)
• Interactions: tetracycline antibxs, chloroquine, anticoags (may inc. bleeding), NSAIDs,
other salicylates (can overdose), valproic acid, corticosteroids
• Caution with: gout & PKU (bc Pepto-Bismol may contain aspartame)
• bismuth subsalicylate contains BISMUTH SALTS and SALICYLATES
• bismuth salts - are mined from the ground (concentrations of these salts may differ
slightly), contains very scant amt of lead
• salicylates - follow precautions to prevent overdose & Reye's syndrome -- can
overdose by taking ASA & Pepto-Bismol at same time bc ASA contains salicylates & so
,does Pepto-Bismol (Abt Reyes Syndrome copy & pasted from google: Reye syndrome
is a rare but serious illness that can affect the brain and liver. It's most common in kids
who are recovering from a viral infection. It's still not well understood, but studies have
linked it to the use of aspirin (salicylates) or aspirin products during illnesses caused by
viruses.)
Caffeine - ANS-Drug Class: Analeptics (& is also a Xanthine)
Use: stimulates respiration in newborns (theophylline opens up the airways in COPD pts
as well)
• SE
-restlessness, tremors, twitching
- palpitations, insomnia
- tinnitus, nausea, diarrhea, diuresis (think caffeine is a diuretic)
- psychologic dependence
calcium carbonate (Tums) - ANS-Drug class: Antiulcer drugs, Antacids (subclass -
prototype for the SYSTEMICALLY absorbed antacids)
• MOA: neutralizes gastric acid (HCl), reduces pepsin activity (some may also take it as
a calcium supplement)
• SE: acid rebound, hypercalcemia, constipation
**more SE with the systemically absorbed antacids (as opposed to the nonsystemically
absorbed antacids)
Causes of Diarrhea: - ANS-• spicy or spoiled foods
• Bacteria (Escherichia col), virus, toxins
• Drug reactions
• fecal impaction, laxative abuse
• Malabsorption disorders, bowel tumor, IBD
• Stress, anxiety
CNS depressants lecture - ANS-
CNS Simulants lecture - ANS-
CTZ stimulants include: - ANS-- dopamine
, - acetylcholine
- histamine
- serotonin
** the way to control vomiting is to DECREASE the levels of all of these
neurotransmitters
Diarrhea & Antidiarrheals lecture - ANS-
diphenhydramine (Benadryl) - ANS-Drug class: Antihistamines
• used to prevent N, V, and dizziness caused by motion (a.k.a. used to tx motion
sickness)
• NOT effective w/severe vomiting
• needs to be taken BEFORE the vomiting starts in order to work!!!
• SE: drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, hypotension (similar to
anticholinergics); same SE as hydroxyzine...both are prototypes for the antihistamines.
diphenoxylate-atropine - ANS-Drug class: Antidiarrheals, Subclass - Opiates and
opiate-related agents (prototype)
• frequently combined w/other agents (e.g. diphenoxylate is combined w/
atropine=Lomotil (an anticholinergic drug - to dry up the secretion...make the stool less
runny & more formed)
• MOA: decreases GI motility (slows things down)
• Dosed: po up to 4x/day
• SE: drowsiness, CONSTIPATION(so make sure to stay hydrated!), dry mouth,
weakness, rash, blurred vision, urinary retention, respiratory depression (think SE of all
opioids)
• Drug interactions: CNS depression w/alcohol & sedatives (do not take these things
while taking diphenoxylate)
• Contraindications: hepatic disease, renal disease, glaucoma
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