Exam (elaborations)
CSOWM - Digestion & Metabolism
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CSOWM - Digestion & Metabolism
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CSOWM - Digestion & MetabolismAdiponectin - ANS-Hormone produced/secreted in adipocytes
Functions
- increases insulin secretion
- inhibits hepatic glucose production
- improves insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle and liver
- enhances basal (background) glucose and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in
adipose tissues.
- promotes fatty acid oxidation
- promotes fat storage in subcutaneous fat pads instead of visceral fat pads, liver or
skeletal muscle (thus reduces visceral fat mass and systemic inflammation and
increases insulin sensitivity)
Amylin - ANS-Hormone produced in the pancreas and co-released with insulin
Functions
- suppresses appetite by slowing gastric emptying
- reduces glucagon secretion
Hormone Changes Associated with Weight Changes
- levels decrease during dieting and weight loss
- levels increase after bariatric surgery (ie RYGB)
Bile Acids (BAs) - ANS-are potent "digestive surfactants" synthesized in the liver and
stored in the gallbladder
Functions
- promote absorption of lipids (including fat-soluble vitamins)
- increase secretion of PYY and GLP-1
- increases energy metabolism
*NOTE: levels of postprandial BAs increase after RYGB and SG, which has been
associated with improvement in metabolic syndrome parameters and reduction in fatty
liver
Cholescystokinin (CCK) - ANS-Hormone produced in the duodenum.
, Functions
- suppresses your appetite by making your stomach feel physically full and by activating
vagal nerves in your stomach wall.
- stimulates gallbladder to contract and release bile into your small intestine.
("Cholecystokinin" means to "move the gallbladder.")
- stimulates pancreas to release pancreatic enzymes
- suppresses gastric emptying so your stomach won't deliver any more food until the
first batch is done.
- triggers peristalsis (the muscle contractions that move food along through your
intestines)
Hormone Changes Associated with Weight Changes
- levels increase during dieting and weight loss
- levels decrease after bariatric surgery (ie RYGB)
Hormone Changes Associated with Weight Changes
- levels increase dudecrease after bariatric surgery (ie RYGB)ring dieting and weight
loss
- levels
Ghrelin - ANS-Hormone produced/secreted in the gastric fundus (dome shaped upper
part of stomach)
Functions
- signals part of your brain called the hypothalamus to increase appetite (particularly for
high fat and high sugar foods)
- promotes fat storage
- stimulates pituitary gland to release growth hormones affecting bone formation and
muscle mass
- plays a role in glucose homeostasis (possibly by inhibiting insulin secretion)
- plays a role in protecting your cardiovascular health.
Hormone Changes Associated with Weight Changes
- levels increase during dieting and weight loss
- levels decrease after bariatric surgery (ie RYGB)
Glucagon - ANS-Hormone produced and secreted by the alpha cells in the pancreas in
response to a drop in blood sugar, prolonged fasting, exercise and protein-rich meals.
Functions
Triggers glycogenolysis - ie triggers the liver to convert stored glucose (glycogen) into a
usable form and then release it into your bloodstream.
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