Exam (elaborations)
Electrolytes- NURS 2106 EXAM I
- Course
- Institution
Electrolytes- NURS 2106 EXAM I
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
modockochieng06
Content preview
Electrolytes- NURS 2106 EXAM I6 L's - ANS-Mnemonic for S/S's of Hypokalemia:
Lethargy, Leg cramps, Limp muscles, Low/shallow respirations, Lethal cardiac
dysrhythmias, LOTS of urine
CATSS go Numb - ANS-Mnemonic for S&S's of Hypocalcemia: Convulsions,
Arrhythmias, Tetany, Spasms, Stridor, and Numbness around mouth and fingertips.
Causes of hypercalcemia - ANS--Increased total calcium: hyperparathyroidism,
malignancy (bone cancers esp.), prolonged imobilization, vit D overdose, thiazides,
milk-alkali.
-Increased ionized calcium: Acidosis
Causes of Hyperchloremia - ANS-Dehydration (vomiting, diarrhea, sweating or fever,
excessive dilute urine production). Hypernatremia. Renal disease/disorder. Androgens,
corticosteroids, estrogens and diuretics.
Causes of Hyperkalemia - ANS--Excessive K intake (parenteral admin or salt sub)
-Rapid transfusion of hemolyzed blood
-Fluid vol deficit
-Shift of K out of cells: Acidosis, DKA, tissue destruction (fever, sepsis, burns, crush,
tumor lysis, exercise)
-Failure to eliminate K: Renal failure*, meds (K sparing diuretics, ACE-I, ARB,
β-blockers, spironolactone (aldactone), triamterene, K-penicillin), adrenal insufficiency
Causes of Hypermagnesemia - ANS-Renal failure (esp if given Mg products)
Excessive administration of Mg for treatment of eclampsia
Causes of Hypernatremia - ANS--Excessive Na intake (hypertonic NaCl, excessive
isotonic NaCl, IV NaCO3, hypertonic tube feedings w/o water supplementation, near
drowning in salt water)
-Inadequate water intake
-Excessive water loss (fever, heatstroke, prolonged hyperventilation, osmotic diuretics,
diarrhea
-Disease- Diabetes Ins., hyperaldsteronism, Cushings, uncontrolled DM
Causes of Hyperphosphatemia - ANS-Renal Failure
Chemotherapy r/t leukemia & lymphomas
, Fleet enema
Excessive milk, phos-laxatives, or Vit D ingestion
Hypoparathyroidism (↓Ca ↑PO4)
Causes of Hypocalcemia - ANS-1) Decreased TOTAL Ca: Chronic renal disease, ↑
PO4, hypoPTism/PT injury, ↓ Vit D, ↓ Mg, pancreatitis, loop diuretics, chronic
alcoholism, diarrhea, ↓ serum albumin.
2) Decreased IONIZED Ca: Alkalosis, excessive citrated blood administration
Causes of Hypocholremia - ANS-Dehydration: Vomiting, diarrhea, N/G suctioning,
fistula drainage, high fever.
Use of loop or thiazide diuretics, bicarb, corticosteroids, diuretics, laxatives.
May result in metabolic alkalosis.
Causes of Hypokalemia - ANS-1) Abnormal Sweating/GI/GU loss (↑UOP, diuresis,
diarrhea, laxative abuse, vomiting, ileostomy drainage, NG Drainage)
2) Hyperaldosteronism
3) Shift of K into cells (Insulin, Alkalosis, β andrenergic stimulation, rapid cell building
(folic acid, B12, EPO)
4) Mg depletion (↓Mg→↑Renin→↑Aldosterone→↑excretion of K)
5) DKA treatment
6) Dialysis
7) Decreased intake of K
Causes of Hypomagnesemia - ANS--Chronic malnutrition (alcoholism, starvation)
-GI/GU Fluid loss (Diarrhea, vomiting, impaired absorption, NG suctioning, large UO r/t
diuretics or hyperglycemia)
-Poorly controlled DM
-Hypomagnesemia associated w/ hypokalemia that does not respond to K replacement
Causes of Hyponatremia - ANS-Excessive GI losses (diarrhea, vomiting, fistulas, NG
suctioning), sweating, diuretics, adrenal insufficiency
Excessive water gain (hypotonic IV therapy)
Disease (heart failure, hypoaldosteronism, SIADH)
Decreased intake (fasting)
Causes of Hypophosphatemia - ANS-Malabsorption, nutritional recovery syndrome,
glucose administration, TPN, ETOH withdrawal, PO4 binding antacids, DKA recovery,
Resp. Alk
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller modockochieng06. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $7.99. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
83100 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now