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Samenvatting '23-'24: Ethiek (009760)
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Dit document bevat een grondige samenvatting van het vak Ethiek, meer bepaald alle slides, cursusteksten, gastcolleges en bijhorende lesnotities van de colleges.
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ETHIEKPROF. DR. K. VERSTRYNGE
Table of Contents
1 HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING – WAT IS ETHIEK?.............................................................................................. 5
1.1 MORAAL – MORALITEIT – ETHIEK........................................................................................................................6
1.1.1 Het onderscheid ‘éthos’ – ‘èthos’...........................................................................................................6
1.1.2 Moraal....................................................................................................................................................8
1.1.3 Moraliteit................................................................................................................................................9
1.1.4 Ethiek....................................................................................................................................................10
1.2 NIET-NORMATIEVE VS. NORMATIEVE ETHIEK.......................................................................................................11
1.2.1 Niet-Normatieve Ethiek........................................................................................................................12
1.2.2 Normatieve ethiek................................................................................................................................15
1.3 NORMATIEVE ETHIEK EN RECHT........................................................................................................................21
2 HOOFDSTUK 2: ETHIEK IN DE OUDHEID..................................................................................................... 26
2.1 INLEIDING.....................................................................................................................................................26
2.2 DE SOFISTEN.................................................................................................................................................28
2.3 SOCRATES.....................................................................................................................................................29
2.4 PLATO..........................................................................................................................................................33
2.5 ARISTOTELES.................................................................................................................................................37
2.5.1 Biografie en Oeuvre..............................................................................................................................37
2.5.2 Politiek en Ethiek..................................................................................................................................38
2.5.3 Het streven naar geluk en de menselijke psychologie.........................................................................40
2.5.4 De Deugden..........................................................................................................................................42
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, 2.5.5 Enkele Kritische Bedenkingen...............................................................................................................45
2.6 HET POST-ARISTOTELISCHE TIJDPERK.................................................................................................................47
2.6.1 Het Hedonisme: Epicurus.....................................................................................................................47
2.6.2 Het Stoïcisme (322-180).......................................................................................................................50
3 HOOFDSTUK 3: ETHIEK IN DE MIDDELEEUWEN......................................................................................... 55
3.1 INLEIDING.....................................................................................................................................................55
3.2 AUGUSTINUS VAN HIPPO.................................................................................................................................56
3.3 THOMAS VAN AQUINO....................................................................................................................................60
4 HOOFDSTUK 4: ETHIEK IN DE MODERNITEIT – CONSEQUENTIËLE ETHIEK...................................................65
4.1 INLEIDING.....................................................................................................................................................65
4.2 HET EMPIRISME EN EMOTIVISME VAN DAVID HUME (1711 – 1776)......................................................................67
4.2.1 De Empiristische Methode en de Deductieve Drogredenen.................................................................68
4.2.2 Het Gevoel als de Grondslag van de Morele Beoordeling....................................................................70
4.2.3 De Welwillendheid en de Menselijke Natuur.......................................................................................70
4.2.4 Natuurlijke en Artificiële Deugden.......................................................................................................71
4.2.5 De Gemeenschap en De Universaliteit van de Moraal.........................................................................72
4.2.6 Rechtvaardigheid.................................................................................................................................73
4.2.7 Slotbeschouwing..................................................................................................................................73
4.3 HET EMOTIVISME EN DE ECONOMISCHE ETHIEK VAN ADAM SMITH (1723 – 1790)..................................................74
4.3.1 De Eigenliefde als prikkel van de zelfregulerende markt.....................................................................74
4.3.2 Het morele oordeel is gebaseerd op sympathie...................................................................................76
4.4 HET HEDONISTISCH UTILITARISME VAN BENTHAM (1748 – 1832).........................................................................77
4.4.1 Wat is Utilitarisme?..............................................................................................................................77
4.4.2 Jeremy Bentham...................................................................................................................................78
4.4.3 Het Nutsprincipe...................................................................................................................................79
4.4.4 Het Belang van het Individu en de Gemeenschap................................................................................80
4.4.5 De Genotscalculus................................................................................................................................81
4.4.6 Kritische Bedenkingen..........................................................................................................................82
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, 4.5 HET UTILITARISME VAN JOHN STUART MILL (1806 – 1873).................................................................................84
4.5.1 Het utilitarisme en de Zin voor Kwaliteit..............................................................................................84
4.5.2 De Vrijheid en het Principe van Non-Interventie..................................................................................85
4.5.3 Slotbeschouwing..................................................................................................................................85
5 HOOFDSTUK 5: ETHIEK IN DE MODERNITEIT – DEONTOLOGISCHE ETHIEK..................................................87
5.1 INLEIDING.....................................................................................................................................................87
5.2 IMMANUEL KANT EN DE VERLICHTING................................................................................................................88
5.3 ETHIEK ALS ZUIVERE FILOSOFIE VAN DE PRAKTISCHE REDE.....................................................................................89
5.4 HET SUBJECT VAN DE MORAAL IS DE GOEDE WIL.................................................................................................90
5.5 DE DRIE FORMULERINGEN VAN DE CATEGORISCHE IMPERATIEF...............................................................................93
5.6 DE AUTONOMIE VAN DE WIL EN DE MENSELIJKE VRIJHEID.....................................................................................97
5.7 KANT EN HET MENSELIJK GELUK.......................................................................................................................98
5.8 ENKELE BEDENKINGEN..................................................................................................................................100
6 HOOFDSTUK 6: EEN SMALLE VS BREDE OPVATTING VAN ETHIEK.............................................................101
6.1 INLEIDING...................................................................................................................................................101
6.2 EEN ‘BREDE’ OPVATTING EN DE SINGULARITEIT VAN DE MENS.............................................................................101
6.3 DE SMALLE OPVATTING EN DE ETHICUS ALS EXPERT(E).......................................................................................106
7 HOOFDSTUK 7: LEVINAS......................................................................................................................... 107
7.1 LEVINAS AS A PHENOMENOLOGIST...................................................................................................................107
7.2 THE MEANING OF ETHICS..............................................................................................................................107
7.3 OTHER AND THE OTHER................................................................................................................................108
7.4 MY SUMMARY BASED ON THE ARTICLE: INTRODUCING LEVINAS TO UNDERGRADUATE PHILOSOPHERS BY ANTHONY F.
BEAVERS..........................................................................................................................................................109
8 GASTLEZING: DE RECHTVAARDIGHEIDSTHEORIE VOLGENS JOHN RAWLS IN A THEORY OF JUSTICE..........118
8.1 EEN COHERENTIEMODEL: DE METHODE VAN HET REFLECTIEF EVENWICHT..............................................................118
8.2 DE RECHTVAARDIGHEID.................................................................................................................................119
8.3 HET SOCIALE CONTRACT................................................................................................................................121
8.4 DE RATIONELE KEUZESITUATIE ALS UITGANGSPUNT VAN RECHTVAARDIGING IN DE MORAALFILOSOFIE.........................122
8.5 KIEZEN VOOR DE TWEE BEGINSELEN EN DE ZUIVER PROCEDURELE RECHTVAARDIGHEID.............................................124
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, 9 GASTLEZING HANNAH ARENDT: POLITIEK EN MORALITEIT......................................................................127
9.1 BIOGRAFISCHE SCHETS..................................................................................................................................128
9.2 HANNAH ARENDT EN HET POLITIEKE................................................................................................................131
9.3 HANNAH ARENDT EN MORELE OVERWEGINGEN................................................................................................135
9.4 EEN POLITIEKE MORAAL?..............................................................................................................................144
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