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Q&A Violence and Security exam 2nd year
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detailed questions and answers that cover the entire content of 2nd year 2024 violence and security.
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Session 1This session introduces the course topics and themes.
● What is political violence?
- Political violence is deliberate use of force to agian political power, or caused by political
grievance or reasons.
● What paradigms/approaches have been developed in order to understand and
analyse political violence and conflict?
- Belisicitic approach
- Constructivists
- Instrumentalism + institutionalism
● What is the state of violence in the world today?
- Increasing, espeically organized violence
Questions
1. What continent has the highest number of state based armed conflict
Africa
2. Who has a higher death toll, non state or state based violence
State based violence, access to more resources and can mobilize much easily
3. Has the number of fataities in organized violence increased or decreased
Ethopia, Yemen and Afghanisthan
4. What country has the highest non state violence fatality
Mexico
Questions
a. What is the relationahsp between violence and state formation? Does War make strong
states?
Tilly says the relationship is that violence leads to either making a state, or other theorist will
argue state can be greatly threatened.
b. State, state formation and state capacity
State means the organization that has a monopoly over the legitimate use of physical force
within a given territory in the enforcement of its order.
State formation is the long term process leading to the centralization of political power within a
sovereignty territory
State capacity refers to the ability of state and its bureaucratic and administrative capacity.
c. What is the bellicist approach to state formation
- Tilly says that war making requires extraction (taxes) increase extraction, improvement
to extraction through strong institutions- protection and state building.
d. The cold war and state making in east asia? What was key
- American aid and already existing institutions
e. War making in latin america?
, - It was failure because theri institutions were weak and the elites did not work with the
states and authority.
f. Why are total large wars needed for state building?
- If its on larger scale than resources are needed, population needs to be centralized and
controlled with sophsiticated bureaucracy. Small scale wars can even lead to weaker
leadership and state.
g. Alternative explanations to state formation
- trade , globalization and capitalism can also aid in state building as their will be a need
for a centralized authority to govern and regulate the market.
h. Does civil wars lead to strong insituions? Singapore versus guatemala?
- Singapore was a success, guatemala not so much. The results are mixed.
Question
a. Number of linkages that may better explain the origins of East and
Southeast Asia’s recent economic success
- First, war and perparation for war gives consideration impertus to creation of
state structure and promote the civilization of state power through the
development of a central bureaucracy designed to mobilize resources. War and
mecentralism went hand in hand as states sought to enhance their political
power. Finally, wars closed old markets, open new ones and generally change
the eixtsing patterns of trade.
b. What is the condition needed for development of successful export-oriented
industrialization strategy in East and Southeast Asia.
- Strong isnituions state linked to the business community and able to adopt and
fully implement the necessary policy reforms.
c. Why didnt it work in third world countries?
- Political power was held by the elites who did not want to implement policies
such as decreasing tarrids and lightning restriction on foreign investemnts.
d. What is coercive capacity: The dichotomy of strong states and weak society is
perfect because?
- Policies such as export oftented can be implemented without social opposition.
e. Combination of what two helped reach the perfect mix for successful state
formation
- Boom from korean war and american aid helped asian countries.
f. What does good eocnocmy mean for governments?
- They gain more legitimacy and authority as states, thus more stability and means
to creare order
g. Why is war sometimes good for economy?
- Because they create markets, with the right timing and aid, linkage between economic
development and war led to Southeast Asia’s success. American aid, boom and need for
a form of military industrial complex was developed. All the other asian countries made
money of the need of those supplied for Korea.
, Session 2
● Is violence and state formation linked?
- Yes, according to the beliisitic formation by Tilly, he says that states form when violence
is occuring in such a large scale they need to extract rsoucres in a more efficient way
with a central power and authority.
● Is war necessary for the building of strong states?
- Not necessarily. The relationship between violence and state formation, particularly the
role of war in creating strong states, is a complex and multifaceted subject explored
through various lenses, including the Bellicist approach, Cold War dynamics, and
regional differences in historical contexts.
Key Concepts
1. State: An organization that monopolizes the legitimate use of physical force within a
given territory to enforce order.
2. State Formation: A long-term process leading to the centralization of political power
within a sovereign territory.
3. State Capacity: The ability of the state to exercise power and maintain bureaucratic and
administrative efficiency, including tasks like gathering information and collecting taxes.
The Bellicist Approach to State Formation
The Bellicist approach, famously summarized by Charles Tilly with the phrase "war made the
states, and the states made war," posits that war is a central driver of state formation. The
idealized sequence in this approach involves:
● States engaging in wars to achieve certain goals.
● War-making necessitating the extraction of resources, particularly taxes.
● The need for efficient extraction leading to the development of strong institutions.
● These institutions, in turn, reinforcing state capacity and authority.
This theory is largely based on the European historical experience where frequent large-scale
wars contributed to the development of centralized, powerful states.
Case Studies: East Asia and Latin America
East Asia
During the Cold War, several East Asian states, including Japan, Korea, and others, significantly
built their military and bureaucratic capacities. This was facilitated by substantial American aid,
which not only provided military support but also helped in reinforcing bureaucratic structures.
Some of these states, like Japan, already had strong foundational structures which were further
solidified through this period. The combination of war-making and foreign assistance played a
crucial role in their state-building processes.
Latin America
In contrast, war in Latin America did not generally lead to robust state formation. Centeno
(2002) argues that wars in Latin America were typically not on the scale necessary to drive
significant state-building. Governments did not have strong incentives to extract resources from
their populations because they had other revenue sources, such as from natural resources. The
wars were often smaller in scale and did not necessitate the comprehensive state-building
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