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APHY 201 Module 14 Endocrine System Ivy Tech
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APHY 201 Module 14 Endocrine SystemIvy Tech
abnormal condition of pineal gland - ANS-seasonal affective disorder aka winter
depression
Abnormal conditions of ADH - ANS--Diabetes Insipidus (hypo ADH)- dehydration and
electrolyte imbalance
-Hyper-ADH- generalized edema, headache and mental disorientation
Abnormal conditions of adrenal glands - ANS-cushing's syndrome- hypersecretion of
cortisol
addison's disease- hyposecretion of cortisol and aldosterone
Abnormal conditions of insulin - ANS--diabetes mellitus (hypo-insulinemia): causes
hyper-glycemia
-Hyper-insulinism- causes hypo-glycemia, dizziness and fainting
abnormal conditions of thyroid - ANS--Myxedema- severe hypothyroidism in adults
-Goiter- caused by lack of iodine in diet (T3/T4 hypo-secretion) or hypersecretion
(Graves)
-Cretinism- hypothyroidism in children
-Grave's disease- hyperthyroidism due to autoimmune disorder
abnormal conditions with GH - ANS--over secretion of GH causes gigantism
-acromegaly: over secretion of GH after maturity
-under secretion of GH results in pituitary dwarfism
Adrenal glands - ANS-Location: on top of each kidney
Structure: Adrenal medulla, a sympathetic ganglion, that produces catecholeamines and
adrenal cortex that produces corticosteroids
Adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH - ANS-Released from: Anterior pituitary
Release due to: CRH hormonal stimuli
Target organ: adrenal cortex
Action: stimulates the secretion of cortisol from the adrenal cortex
Aldosterone - ANS-Released from: Adrenal cortex
, Release due to: low blood pressure activating renin-angiotensin-aldosterone secretion
Target organ: kidneys
Action: Regulate electrolytes. Increases sodium and water reabsorption by causing
insertion of sodium-potassium pumps in DCT and CD (maintains B/P)
Amino acid-based hormones - ANS--contain amino acids, protein or glycoprotein. All
are water soluble except for thyroid hormone. Ex. insulin, glucagon, calcitonin, GH,
PRL.
Amino acid-based hormones use second messenger systems - ANS--hormone does not
enter the cell but binds to a plasma membrane receptor to initiate a second messenger
system that causes enzyme activation, secretory function, and/or permeability changes.
Angiotensin II - ANS-Produced in: lungs when angiotensin I is converted by
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Release due to: low blood pressure or blood volume activating
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Actions: potent vasoconstrictor; stimulates hypothalamus to induce thirst; stimulates
release of ADH from posterior pituitary; stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal
cortex; causes increase in blood pressure and blood volume
Antagonistic effects - ANS-One hormone opposes the action of another. Insulin lowers
blood glucose and glucagon raises blood glucose.
anterior pituitary gland - ANS--composed of glandular tissue and secretes 6 hormones:
follicle-stimulated hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), thyroid-stimulating
hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), growth hormone (GH), prolactin
(PRL)
-controlled by the releasing or inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus
Antidiuretic hormone ADH - ANS-aka Vasopressin
Produced in: hypothalamus
Released from: posterior pituitary
Release due to: neural stimuli
Functions: It acts both as a hormone and as a brain neurotransmitter.
Target organ: kidneys and blood vessels
Action: promotes water reabsorption in the renal tubule by inserting aquaporins in DCT
and CD to make concentrated urine, promotes vasoconstriction. It plays a key role in
homeostasis, by the regulation of water, glucose, and salts in the blood. Accumulating
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