Provides in depth essay plans with key AO1 and AO3 points to use. Also provides an essay plan for every possible 16 marker that could come up with evaluation of both studies and theories.
Coding – the process of converting information between different forms
Capacity – the amount of information that can be held in a memory store
Duration – how long information remains in a memory store
AO1 A03
STM codes acoustically and LTM codes Positives – Baddeley
semantically. Baddeley (1966a,b) • Lab experiment so extraneous variables
4 groups words - acoustically similar and were controlled
dissimilar, semantically similar and dissimilar. • Useful application to society (those in
recalling from STM the acoustically similar was education)
recalled worse. from LTM semantically similar Negatives
words were recalled worse. • Low ecological validity
Capacity – LTM is unlimited Positives - Miller (1956) and Jacobs(1887)
STM- 7+/-2 • High reliability as it was a controlled lab
– Jacobs (1887) digit span found mean number experiment.
of digits was 9.3 and mean span for letter was • Miller’s study is reliable as people can
7.3. miller (1956) realised things come in 7 easily replicate it and get similar
remember many things by chunking them- into answers
groups • Useful application to students
Negatives
Duration- STM is less than 18seconds and LTM • Low ecological validity as recalling
lasts a lifetime. digits isn’t something done in everyday
Peterson and Peterson (1959)- life
24 students given a trigram and asked to repeat
it after 3,12,14, and 18 seconds and while Positives- Peterson& Peterson
waiting to recall they counted down from a 3- • lab experiment = reliable
digit number. • High application and very useful
Conclusion- 90% correct after 3s and only 2% Negatives
correct after 18s
• Low generalisability due to sample of
Bahrick et al. (1975)- duration of LTM
only students
400 people ages 17-74 did a free recall and a
• Lab experiment= low ecological validity
photo recognition test from a high school
Positives-bahrick et al
yearbook.
• Good ecological validity as people looks
Results – 15 years of graduation were 90%
at old photographs often
accurate in photo recognition and 60% accurate
• High generalisability as a range of age
in the free recall.
ranges and a large sample size
48 years of graduating were 70% accurate in
Negatives
the photo recognition and 30% in the free
recall. • Hard to control extraneous variables
(they could still be in contact with some
people)
Doesn’t explain why memory fades over time
(lacks completeness
, The multi-store model
Developed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) to explain how memories are stored and why some are
stored and others dissappear
AO1 AO3
Sensory stimuli are detected by all + It has been very influential and is still used over 50
senses and held in sensory register. years provides a good understanding of the structure
This has unlimited capacity but brief and processes of memory.
duration. - different types of LTM (episodic, procedural
• Sensory information passes and semantic) that the model does not
from Sensory Register to STM account for.
(limited capacity) via + The case of KF-Shallice and Wallington (1970) -He had
attention. severe damage to his STM whilst his LTM remained
STM codes acoustically and has a intact.
during of 18 seconds and a limited + Case of Clive Wearing – he has retrograde amnesia. He
capacity of 7+/- 2 items (5-9) lacks the ability to form memories. These support the
• The information/data then multistore model as it shows the LTM and STM stores
passes from STM to LTM via are separate.
maintenance rehearsal.
LTM codes semantically, has a + Squire et al. (1992)- brain scans showed that the LTM
duration of a lifetime. and STM are in two separate parts of the brain.
• Information can be passed + Bahrick et al (1975) found that many participants
back from LTM to STM via were able to recognise classmates faces and names 50
retrieval. years after graduating
Support cc
- not complete - WMM suggests STM is more
complex
Types of LTM
AO1 AO3
• Episodic - relates to + case of Clive wearing and HM- impaired episodic and
experiences a person procedural memory but semantic memory was intact. – HM
has had or events from couldn’t remember stroking a dog 30mins ago but remember
their life. what a dog was
• Procedural - knowing - The clinical studies lack control variables without
how to do certain knowing what the brain was like before the
actions or skills incident its hard to measure the effect it had on
• Semantic- recalling LTM
facts, concepts, and - Conflicting evidence on where the different LTM
meanings. types are – Buckner and Petersen(1996) found
episodic on the right while others found encoding
episodic memories on the left
+real world application to helping people with memory loss
- Episodic a may be the subcategory of semantic
Tulving (2002) as its possible to have damage
episodic with an intact semantic but not other way
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