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Biology 1210 Chapter 9 (CPP)
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Biology 1210 Chapter 9 (CPP)
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Biology 1210 Chapter 9 (CPP)Carbon atoms of glucose are _______ (reduced/oxidized) to form what by product? -
ANS-Oxidized to form Carbon Dioxide
Define cellular respiration - ANS-Cellular Respiration converts the chemical energy of
food molecules into chemical enrgy of ATP, which drives all cellular work.
Define cellular respiration/fermentation in terms of energy. - ANS-Energy release
(chemical bond----> ATP+ heat)
Define chemiosmosis. - ANS-uses a H+ gradient to drive ATP formation
Define photosynthesis in terms of energy. - ANS-Energy acquistion (light energy---->
chemical bond energy)
Define substrate-level phosphorylation. - ANS-When enzymes transfer an inorganic
phosphate from a substrate to ADP, forming ATP.
Define what occurs during glycolysis. - ANS-a series of 10 chemical reactions that
breaks glucose(6C) into 2 pyruvate acid molecules(3C).
Define what occurs during pyruvate processing. - ANS-2 pyruvate(3C) molecules are
oxidized to form 2 acetyl-CoA(2C) molecules, 2 NAD+ are reduced to form 2 NADH,
and 2CO2 molecules are released as waste.
Describe alcohol fermentation. - ANS-Pyruvate is converted to acetaldehyde and CO2.
Acetaldehyde accepts electrons from NADH--> NAD+ and ethanol are produced
Describe Electron Transport and chemiosmosis - ANS-Compounds reduced in steps 1-3
are oxidized in reactions leading to ATP production.
Describe glycolysis - ANS-Glucose is broken down to pyruvate
Describe how energy flows through a system. - ANS-Solar Energy----> Chemical energy
if food----> Chemical energy of ATP ----> heat
Describe how nutrients cycle through a system. - ANS-The products of photosynthesis
are the reactants of cellular respiration and vice versa.
, Describe lactic acid fermentation. - ANS-a pyruvate produced by glycolysis accepts
electrons(H+) from NADH-->NAD+ and lactic acid is formed.
Describe Pyruvate Processing - ANS-Pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA
Describe the citric acid cycle - ANS-Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2
Describe the main process of the citric acid cycle. - ANS-2 molecules of acetyl CoA (2C)
are oxidized to 2 molecules of CO2 each.
Does fermentation (another anaerobic pathway to produce ATP) require oxygen? -
ANS-No
Explain how the created concentration gradient of hydrogen ions create ATP, including
involved enzymes, locations, etc. - ANS-The ions flow through the enzyme ATP
synthase back to the other side of the membrane which is converted to kinetic energy.
The kinetic energy allows ATP synthase to make ATP in a process called
Chemiosmosis.
Explain why electrons are moved from one electron acceptor to the next, in regards to
how it affects hydrogen ions (H+). - ANS-The hydrogen ions potential energy is
increased because a steep concentration gradient is created.
Fermentation process - ANS--pyruvate-->ethanol or lactic acid
-reduce pyruvate and oxidize NADH to NAD+
Glucose oxidation (glycolysis, pyruvate processing, citric acid cycle) produces ATP,
NADH, FADH2, and CO2. How many of each are produced total? - ANS-4 ATP, 10
NADH, 2 FADH2, and 6 CO2.
How many ATP does fermentation produce? Is it more or less efficient compared with
cellular respiration? - ANS-2 and very efficient
How many of the 29 ATP are produced in ATP synthase? - ANS-25
If oxygen is not available, what is pyruvate reduced into? What is the point of this
reduction? - ANS-reduced into lactic acid and to regenerate more NAD+
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