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Biology Exam Final - Demarest
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Biology Exam Final - Demarest
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Biology Exam Final - DemarestNot all fungi produce - ANS-hyphae
multicellular fungi are _____ and produce _____ - ANS-filamentous; hyphae
lichens - ANS-Composite organisms consisting of a symbiotic association of a fungus
with a photosynthetic partner(green algae/cyanobacteria). Provide anchorage, water
absorption, etc etc.
What is the key distinguishing feature of a dikaryotic heterokaryotic cell? - ANS-it has It
has two haploid nuclei from individuals of different mating types
heterokaryotic - ANS-A life stage of fungi in which cells have two separate haploid
nuclei of different parental lineages that have not yet fused.
dikaryotic - ANS-Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one
from each parent.
yeast divide through - ANS-through fission or "budding"
(unequal fission)
• Various mechanisms have developed to
get the spores higher up for dispersal - ANS-Erect hyphae, fruiting bodies
-Shoot the spores out (puffball)
-Zombify an an
parasexuality - ANS-- Parasexuality: generate additional genetic
diversity through crossing over of chromosomes
during mitosis
What is the typical ploidy of a fungal zygote? - ANS-diploid
plasmogamy - ANS-Fusion of the cytoplasm of 2 fungal cells w.o. fusion of their nuclei
are called
karyogamy - ANS-Fusion of two haploid nuclei to form a diploid nucleus.
,fungi life cycle - ANS-(spores n) --> hyphae n (can create spores) --> plasmogamy n
---> karyogamy (n+n) ---> zygote 2n --->meiosis to make spores
Recently it has been discovered that plants use their mycorrhizal fungi network not only
for absorption, but for what other function? - ANS-communication
pharmacognosy - ANS-study of characteristics of natural drugs and their sources
Algae and plants exhibit an "alternation of generations" life cycle. What does that
mean? - ANS-They alternate between being 1n and 2n multicellular organisms.
In plants, gametes are produced by what process? - ANS-Mitosis
What happens to haploid plant spores? - ANS-Grow into haploid gametes
Why do mosses require wet conditions to reproduce? - ANS-Their sperm need water to
move through in order to reach the egg
Do gymnosperms produce seeds? - ANS-YEP!
What is a pollen grain? - ANS-A male gametophyte
What passes through a pollen tube? - ANS-Sperm
What are the main advantages of producing pollen? - ANS-Higher dispersal and the
ability to accomplish fertilization under dry conditions
Do gymnosperms produce triploid cells during reproduction? - ANS-Nope
How does a monoecious plant differ from a dioecious plant? - ANS-:
A monoecious plant carries both the male and female organs on one plant
What is the biggest advantage of growing a sporophyte from a seed? - ANS-Seeds are
more resistant to dry conditions
What grows out of a seed? - ANS-sporophyte
In which group of plants does double fertilization occur? - ANS-Angiosperms
, In the double fertilization scheme, a single megaspore divides by meiosis and then by
mitosis in order to produce a female gametophyte that typically has ______ haploid
nuclei distributed among_________ cells, all found inside the ovule of the plant. -
ANS-8;7
In the double fertilization scheme, cell walls form around the haploid nuclei of the female
gametophyte, forming separate cells. Which one(s) will ultimately be fertilized? -
ANS-Egg Cell; central dinucleate cell
In the double fertilization scheme, the male gametophyte cell(s) that are not gametes
form what structure? - ANS-pollen tube
What is the ploidy of the endosperm (the nutrient supply for the developing plant
embryo) that typically develops after double fertilization? - ANS-triploid
What is the big advantage of the double fertilization scheme? - ANS-The plant does not
waste resources developing eggs that were never successfully fertilized
Which part of a flower produces pollen? - ANS-Anther
Which part of a flower "catches" pollen (i.e., to which part of a flower does pollen stick
thus achieving pollination)? - ANS-Stigma
Which part of a flower develops into the sweet fleshy meat of a fruit? - ANS-Ovary
Which part of a flower develops into the hard shell of a nut or seed? - ANS-Ovary
What is the ultimate purpose of fruit? - ANS-to get herbivores to disperse the plant's
seeds
Why does fruit ripen? - ANS-To encourage animals to eat it when the time is right
Which hormone is instrumental in signaling fruit to ripen? - ANS-Ethylene
What is the mechanism by which fruit ripens—that is, what actually happens inside the
fruit? - ANS-Enzymes break down the cell walls and convert starch stores to sugar
The sporophyte of a certain angiosperm is diploid. What will its fruit tissue be? -
ANS-Triploid
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