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NURBN 2023 - Cardiac.
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NURBN 2023 - Cardiac.
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NURBN 2023 - Cardiacanaphylactic shock - ANS-Severe shock caused by an allergic reaction. Present with
swelling, redness & chnage in temperature. Management includes first aid/ice/pain
management. Treatment include antihistamine/antibiotics.
Atherosclerosis - ANS-condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the
inner walls of the arteries
bradyarrhythmia - ANS-slow, irregular heartbeat
C-reactive protein. Insulin resistance. Oxidative stress. Periodontal disease. Age. -
ANS-Non-modifiable hypertension risk factors
cardiogenic shock - ANS-Shock caused by inadequate function of the heart, or pump
failure. Presents with bradycardia, tachypnea. management includes Urinary catheter,
FBC. Treatment includes a inotropic, antiplatelet & diuretic.
Categories of acute coronary syndrome - ANS-STEMI. Non-STEMI and Angina.
cause of heart failure - ANS-Atherosclerosis. Hypertension. High cholesterol. Smoking.
causes of arrythmias - ANS-Decline in O2 (ischemia), hypoxia, acidosis, electrolytes
abnormalities, diseased or scarred myocardial tissue
Causes of CHF (Left-Sided) - ANS-Decreased cardiac output & pulmonary congestion
Causes of CHF (Right-sided) - ANS-Congestion of peripheral tissues
Clinical symptoms of hear failure - ANS-Hypertension. Shortness of breath/congested
lungs. Fluid retention/oedema . Chest pain. Tachycardia.
Clinical symptoms of left-sided HF - ANS-Fatigue. Othopnea. Restlessness. Confusion.
Extreme weakness, cyanosis. Dyspnea.
Clinical symptoms of right-sided HF - ANS-Peripheral & visceral congestion. Fatigue.
Ascites. Enlarged liver & spleen. Bloating. Anorexia. Distended neck. Nausea.
, Define arrhythmia - ANS-Any variation from the normal electrical rate and/or sequence
of cardiac activity.
Define heart failure - ANS-The inability of the ventricles to pump enough blood to meet
the body's metabolic demands. Loss of contraction leads to heart failure.
Define myocardial infarction (MI) - ANS-Death of cardiac muscle due to ischemia
Define shock and provide 5 signs or symptoms that are present when the body is in a
state of shock: - ANS-Shock is the systemic imbalance between oxygen supply &
demand.
Anxiety or agitation/restlessness
Bluish lips and fingernails
Chest pain
Confusion. Dizziness, lightheadedness, or faintness
Pale, cool, clammy skin. Profuse sweating, moist skin
Define the RAAS System: - ANS-Renin is released if there is a drop in BP. Which then
splits into Angiotensin 1, then converted by the angiotensin enzyme into Angiotensin 2 =
Vasoconstriction occurs to increase TPR & BP. Aldosterone, Adrenaline &
Noradrenaline is stimulated and released by the adrenal glands to re-absorb sodium.
Diagnostic tools of ACS - ANS-Full Blood Count: Troponin.
Serum cardiac enzymes: CKMB
ECG
SYMPTOMATIC
diastolic heart failure - ANS-ventricles can't relax and fill
Differences between left and right heart failure - ANS-Left: fluid build up in the lungs and
Right: fluid retention in peripheral organs and tissue.
ECG - ANS-electrocardiogram - used as a diagnostic tool to measure the electrical
conductivity of the heart
ECG changes with STEMI - ANS-elevation of ST segment, inverted T wave, pathologic
abnormal Q wave
How does the RAAS system lead to raised blood pressure? - ANS-Angiotensinogen
converted to angiotensin 1 (by renin from kidneys)
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