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Summary A level Biology Edexcel A - Topic 7
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Notes for Edexcel Biology Topic 7. Detailed and Concise Notes that will get you an A*. They are well laid out and easy to learn
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Topic 7: Run for your LifeThis topic is centred on the physiological adaptations that enable animals and
humans, particularly sports people, to undertake strenuous exercise. It explores the
links between an animal’s physiology and its performance. The topic summarises
the biochemical requirements for respiration and looks at the links between
homeostasis, muscle physiology and performance. It ends by looking at how
medical technology is enabling more people to participate in sport, and raising the
issue of whether the use of performance-enhancing substances by athletes can be
justified.
Students should be encouraged to carry out a range of practical experiments
related to this topic in order to develop their practical skills. In addition to the core
practicals detailed below, possible experiments include investigation of the control
of ventilation rate in locusts and examination of fast and slow twitch muscles by
dissection of fish muscles.
Opportunities for developing mathematical skills within this topic include solving
algebraic equations, changing the subject of an equation, recognising and making
use of appropriate units in calculations using appropriate significant figures and
constructing and interpreting frequency tables and diagrams, bar charts and
histograms. (Please see Appendix 6: Mathematical skills and exemplifications for
further information.)
Students should:
7.1 Know the way in which muscles, tendons, the skeleton and ligaments interact
to enable movement, including antagonistic muscle pairs, extensors and
flexors.
7.2 Understand the process of contraction of skeletal muscle in terms of the sliding
filament theory, including the role of actin, myosin, troponin, tropomyosin,
calcium ions (Ca2+), ATP and ATPase.
7.3 i) Understand the overall reaction of aerobic respiration as splitting of the
respiratory substrate, to release carbon dioxide as a waste product and
reuniting of hydrogen with atmospheric oxygen with the release of a large
amount of energy.
ii) Understand that respiration is a many-stepped process with each step
controlled and catalysed by a specific intracellular enzyme.
7.4 Understand the roles of glycolysis in aerobic and anaerobic respiration,
including the phosphorylation of hexoses, the production of ATP, reduced
coenzyme, pyruvate and lactate (details of intermediate stages and compounds
are not required).
7.5 Understand the role of the link reaction and the Krebs cycle in the complete
oxidation of glucose and formation of carbon dioxide (CO2), ATP, reduced NAD
and reduced FAD (names of other compounds are not required) and why these
steps take place in the mitochondria, unlike glycolysis which occurs in the
cytoplasm.
7.6 Understand how ATP is synthesised by oxidative phosphorylation associated
with the electron transport chain in mitochondria, including the role of
chemiosmosis and ATP synthase.
22 Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield)
Specification – Issue 3 – July 2016 © Pearson Education Limited 2016
,Students should:
7.7 Understand what happens to lactate after a period of anaerobic respiration in
animals.
CORE PRACTICAL 16:
Investigate rate of respiration.
7.8 i) Know the myogenic nature of cardiac muscle.
ii) Understand how the normal electrical activity of the heart coordinates the
heart beat, including the roles of the sinoatrial node (SAN), the atrioventricular
node (AVN), the bundle of His and the Purkyne fibres.
iii) Understand how the use of electrocardiograms (ECGs) can aid the diagnosis
of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other heart conditions.
7.9 i) Be able to calculate cardiac output.
ii) Understand how variations in ventilation and cardiac output enable rapid
delivery of oxygen to tissues and the removal of carbon dioxide from them,
including how the heart rate and ventilation rate are controlled and the roles of
the cardiovascular control centre and the ventilation centre in the medulla
oblongata.
CORE PRACTICAL 17:
Investigate the effects of exercise on tidal volume, breathing rate, respiratory
minute ventilation and oxygen consumption using data from spirometer traces.
7.10 i) Know the structure of a muscle fibre.
ii) Understand the structural and physiological differences between fast and
slow twitch muscle fibres.
7.11 i) Understand what is meant by negative feedback and positive feedback
control.
ii) Understand the principle of negative feedback in maintaining systems within
narrow limits.
7.12 Understand homeostasis and its importance in maintaining the body in a state
of dynamic equilibrium during exercise, including the role of the hypothalamus
and the mechanisms of thermoregulation.
7.13 Understand the analysis and interpretation of data relating to possible
disadvantages of exercising too much (wear and tear on joints, suppression of
the immune system) and exercising too little (increased risk of obesity,
cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes), recognising correlation and causal
relationships.
7.14 Understand how medical technology, including the use of keyhole surgery and
prostheses, is enabling those with injuries and disabilities to participate in
sports.
7.15 Be able to discuss different ethical positions relating to whether the use of
performance-enhancing substances by athletes is acceptable.
7.16 Understand how genes can be switched on and off by DNA transcription factors
including hormones.
Pearson Edexcel Level 3 Advanced GCE in Biology A (Salters-Nuffield) 23
Specification – Issue 3 – July 2016 © Pearson Education Limited 2016
,Topic Seven Biology
7.1 – Interactions of Muscles, Tendons, the Skeleton and Ligaments to Enable Movement
Including Antagonistic Pairs, Extensors and Flexors
• Muscles contract and relax to bend (flex) and then straighten (extend)
Joints and Movement
1. Muscles cause movement at a JOINT
a. Muscles Shorten pulling on the bone (Muscles can’t push)
b. A pair of muscles working in this way are ANTAGONISTIC
i. E.g. flexing the knee by contracting the hamstring, extends the quads
relaxing them. To extend the knee you relax the hamstrings and contract
with quads
c. Muscle that contracts causing extension of a joint = extensor
d. Muscle that reverses that movement = flexor
Joint Structure
Tendons enable
Ligaments hold Bones in muscles to power
place and restrict and joint movement Cartilage
control amount of protects bones
movement in joint within joints
Bones move in
the joint are
separated by
synovial fluid,
which helps
them move
freely
Hip, knee and
ankle Joints are
Synovial Joints
7.2 – The Process of Contraction of Skeletal Muscle in terms of Sliding Filament Theory
Muscles – made of a bundle of muscle fibres
o Each fibre is a single muscle cell
o Each cell is multinucleate - to control metabolism of such a long cell
o Muscle cells are striped
, • Each muscle fibre has myofibrils made of repeated sarcomeres
o The sarcomere contains the proteins
▪ Actin (changes length but thinner)
▪ Myosin (same Length but thicker)
When
sarcomere
contracts
actin moves
between the
myosin and
the
sarcomere
reduces in
length
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