BCAT Exam Questions And Answers (Verified And Updated) Positive reinforcement - answer✔✔Give something that increases behavior Negative reinforcement - answer✔✔Take something away that increases behavior Positive punishment - answer✔✔Give something that decreases behavior Negative punishment - answer✔✔Take something away that decreases behavior Reinforcer - answer✔✔A stimulus that increases the probability of a desired response Punisher - answer✔✔A stimulus that decreases the probability of a desired response Conditioned reinforcer - answer✔✔A learned reinforcer; we are not born seeking these items as reinforcers Unconditioned reinforcer - answer✔✔Inherently reinforcing for all humans from birth; they do not need to be learned; water, warm th, oxygen are examples; they are typically required for survival Extinction - answer✔✔When the reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior is discontinued and as a result the frequency of that behavior decreases in the future Deprivation - answer✔✔Withholding a reinforcer that increases relevant learning and performance; not having access to something that is highly desirable; often used to increase the value of an item Satiation - answer✔✔The opposite of deprivation; refers to having too much - if the same reinforcer is used over and over again it will lose its reinforcing value Contingency - answer✔✔A type of intervention that is used to increase desirable behaviors or decrease undesirable behaviors; specifies target behavior, the conditions under wh ich the behavior will occur, and the benefits or consequences that will come with meeting or failing to meet the target; dependent and/or temporal relations between operant behavior and its controlling variables Motivating operation (MO) - answer✔✔Increase desire for motivation (capture or create motivation prior to the task); more correct response, less problem behaviors; antecedent situations that change effectiveness of a reinforcer and the occurrence of behaviors that have been reinforced by those conse quences (e.g., establishing operation, abolishing operation) Antecedent - answer✔✔Situations that occur immediately before the behavior Behavior - answer✔✔Includes everything that people do Consequence - answer✔✔Situation occurring immediately after the be havior 3-term contingency - answer✔✔Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence Stimulus - answer✔✔Anything that a person can experience through their senses Discriminative Stimulus (SD) - answer✔✔A type of stimulus that is used consistently to gain a specific respo nse and that increases the possibility that the desired response will occur Stimulus control - answer✔✔Occurs when an organism behaves in one way in the presence of a given stimulus and another way in its absence Response - answer✔✔A single instance or occ urrence of a specific class or type of behavior Discrete Trial - answer✔✔A small unit of instruction implemented by a teacher who works one on one with a child in a distraction -free setting Discrimination Training - answer✔✔Teaching a client to differentia te between responses/stimuli, can take a variety of forms, for example: identifying colors, labeling objects, and reading words Discrete Trial Training (DTT) - answer✔✔Deliver SD (instruction) without any extraneous language; Provide appropriate prompts if necessary (given immediately after SD); Provide appropriate consequences (reinforcement should be provided for correct response s and an error correction should be provided for incorrect responses); Collect data; Follow correct format (mass trial, expanded trial, random rotation) and check for mastery Natural Environment Training - answer✔✔Teaching in a generalized manner, using na turally occurring situations to teach a skill; can be during play, during daily routines, or as circumstances present themselves; typically does not look like a structured/classroom style approach Fluency -Based Training - answer✔✔Teaching a client to not o nly respond correctly, but at a certain rate Generalization - answer✔✔The use of a response in a variety of situations and ways outside of the learning setting; most commonly takes the form of stimulus and response generalization Maintenance - answer✔✔Client maintains the behavior over time without frequent structured practice opportunities, behavior is "learned" and stays in their repertoire Caregiver Training - answer✔✔Training of parents or caregiver in order to help train a child at home or give consist ent care
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