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Presentation ECO31301 He's Just Not Your Type (and That's a Good Thing)
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type of good Private goods Public goods Merit goods Demerit good
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Economic systemsCONTENTS
1. Economic systems
2. The Free Market
3. The Free Market Pros and Cons
4. The planned economy
5. The planned economy Pros and Cons
6. Mixed economy
, The Free Market
The free-market economy
The free market economy is an economy where all economic decisions are taken by individual households
and firms and with no government intervention.
Price mechanism
In a free-market economy, decisions on how resources are to be allocated are usually taken by the
price mechanism.
The price mechanism determines the production, utilization of resources, and pricing.
This means that the forces of demand and supply determine:
what goods and services will be produced,
how they will be produced
for whom will they be produced
Prices act to indicate the likely market value of particular resources.
The price mechanism works as follows.
Prices respond to shortages and surpluses.
Shortages result in prices rising.
Surpluses result in prices falling.
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,The Free Market Pros and Cons
Pros
Increased efficiency
The profit motive encourages producers to be more efficient. Competition between firms keeps
prices down and acts as an incentive to firms to become more efficient.The more efficiently
firms can combine their factors of production, the more profit they will make.
Consumer wishes
The more firms there are competing, the more responsive they will be to consumer wishes.
Innovation
Innovation is promoted because it provides a competitive edge.
Functions automatically
There is no need for costly and complex bureaucracies to coordinate economic decisions.
Cons
Merit goods will be under-produced and demerit goods will be over-produced.
Public goods cannot be provided by the free market because of their two characteristics, non-
diminish ability and non-excludability.
Lack of competition and high profits may remove the incentive for firms to be efficient.
Power and property may be unequally distributed.
The practices of some firms may be socially undesirable. For example, a chemical works may
pollute the environment.
, The planned economy
Planned economy
In the planned economy, the government has a central role in all decisions that are made.
The command economy is usually associated with a socialist or communist economic system, where
land and capital are collectively owned.
The main features of such an economic system are:
Production decisions (what, how and for whom production should take place) are decided by the
government.
Hence, resources are controlled by the government on behalf of its citizens.
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