Volledige samenvatting boek oikonomia (economie), hoofdstukken 1 tot 9 en capita selecta H12
+ economisch onderzoek (aanwervingskansen en taalfouten in het cv + discriminatie op de arbeidsmarkt)
1 Welvaart en marktevenwicht .................................................................................................. 6
1.1 Goed, maar niet goed genoeg ............................................................................................... 6
1.2 België in de globale compe88veness index (GCI)................................................................... 8
1.3 Welvaart: een interdisciplinaire zoektocht ............................................................................ 9
1.4 Welvaart uit markJransac8es ............................................................................................. 10
1.5 Vraag, aanbod en marktevenwicht ..................................................................................... 14
1.6 Zelfregulerende markten ..................................................................................................... 17
1.7 Verliezers en winnaars ......................................................................................................... 18
1.8 De dynamiek van concurren8e op de markt ........................................................................ 18
1.9 Welke markten zijn zelfregulerend?..................................................................................... 19
1.10 Over oude en nieuwe markten ............................................................................................ 21
1.11 De vrije markt is gemaakt / “Laissez-faire was planned” .................................................... 22
1.12 Het eerste reserveleger en ongeschoolde technologen ....................................................... 23
2 Behoe6en, begeerten, modellen en beelden ......................................................................... 25
2.1 Economische analyse in gezondheidszorg en klimaatbeleid ................................................ 26
2.2 Schaarste in 8jden van overvloed ........................................................................................ 27
2.3 Begeerten ............................................................................................................................ 29
2.4 Schaarse milieugoederen en ecosysteemdiensten ............................................................... 30
2.5 Opportuniteitskosten en de marginale analyse ................................................................... 31
2.6 Het gebruik van modellen en hypothesen ........................................................................... 34
2.7 Het model van de economische kringloop ........................................................................... 36
2.8 De embedded economy ....................................................................................................... 38
2.9 Wat is goed voor de economy? ............................................................................................ 41
3 De economische scholen ....................................................................................................... 42
3.1 De klassieke school .............................................................................................................. 42
3.2 De neoklassieke school ........................................................................................................ 44
3.3 De marxis8sche school ........................................................................................................ 46
3.4 De Oostenrijkse school ......................................................................................................... 48
3.5 De Keynesiaanse school ....................................................................................................... 49
3.6 De ins8tu8onele school ....................................................................................................... 50
3.7 De gedragseconomische school ........................................................................................... 51
3.8 De school van het geluk (NK) ............................................................................................... 53
, 3.9 De evolu8onair-biologische school (NK) .............................................................................. 53
3.10 De prak8jkschool van economische ontwikkeling (NK)........................................................ 53
3.11 De neoliberale ideologie (NK) .............................................................................................. 53
3.12 Diversiteit in het economische denken (NK) ........................................................................ 53
4 BBP en het gewicht van de overheid...................................................................................... 58
4.1 BBP, NBP, BNP ...................................................................................................................... 58
4.2 Toegevoegde waarde........................................................................................................... 59
4.3 Het BBP van België .............................................................................................................. 60
4.4 Beperkingen van het BBP als economische maatstaf .......................................................... 62
4.5 Hoe zwaar weegt de overheid? ........................................................................................... 64
4.6 Herverdelen en s8muleren................................................................................................... 65
4.7 Belas8ngen en welvaart ...................................................................................................... 67
4.8 De publieke schuld ............................................................................................................... 70
4.9 Efficiën8e van de overheid ................................................................................................... 72
5 Groei en ongelijkheid ............................................................................................................ 75
5.1 Groei op lange termijn; de golven van Kondra8eff .............................................................. 75
5.2 Groei = toename economische transac8es .......................................................................... 76
5.3 Variabele groei op korte termijn .......................................................................................... 77
5.4 Hoe verklaren we groei op middellange termijn?................................................................ 78
5.4.1 Bevolking ......................................................................................................................... 78
5.4.2 Produc7viteit ................................................................................................................... 79
5.4.3 Arbeidspar7cipa7e .......................................................................................................... 80
5.4.4 Een gemengd beeld ......................................................................................................... 80
5.5 Hoe kan onze economie verder groeien? ............................................................................. 81
5.6 Is economische groei wenselijk? .......................................................................................... 82
5.7 De impact van groei op de ongelijkheid .............................................................................. 84
5.7.1 Armer dan je ouders?...................................................................................................... 84
5.7.2 De olifantengrafiek van Milanovic ................................................................................... 85
5.7.3 ‘Kapitaal in de 21e eeuw’ van Thomas PikeOy ................................................................. 86
5.8 Ongelijkheid in België .......................................................................................................... 87
5.8.1 Me7ng van ongelijkheid .................................................................................................. 88
5.8.2 Me7ng van armoede ....................................................................................................... 90
5.9 Perspec8even over ongelijkheid .......................................................................................... 90
6 Conjunctuur en macro-economisch beleid............................................................................. 92
6.1 Wat is geld en waarom gebruiken we geld? ........................................................................ 92
6.2 Geldcrea8e .......................................................................................................................... 93
6.3 De waarde van geld ............................................................................................................. 96
6.4 Infla8e ................................................................................................................................. 98
, 6.5 Economische fluctua8es op korte termijn .......................................................................... 100
6.6 Vraag en aanbod vanuit macro-economisch perspec8ef (NK) .......................................... 102
6.7 Macro-economisch beleid op korte termijn (NK) ............................................................... 102
7 De crisis als Minsky-moment ............................................................................................... 103
7.1 Op naar het volgende Minsky-moment ............................................................................. 103
7.2 Bubbels zonder champagne............................................................................................... 106
7.3 Interestvoeten en beleid .................................................................................................... 107
7.4 Innova8e in de financiële sector ........................................................................................ 109
7.5 Economen zagen het niet aankomen ................................................................................. 112
7.6 Too big to fail ..................................................................................................................... 113
7.7 Het is ook jouw markt ........................................................................................................ 115
8 Bedrijven ............................................................................................................................ 116
8.1 Onderneming: van project naar juridische realiteit ........................................................... 116
8.2 Ondernemingen vandaag .................................................................................................. 117
8.3 Waarom zijn er ondernemingen? ...................................................................................... 117
8.4 Eigenaars, managers en werknemers................................................................................ 119
8.5 Een blik op ondernemingen in Europa ............................................................................... 122
8.6 De destruc8eve kant van winstmaximalisa8e ................................................................... 124
8.7 Opbrengsten, kosten en winst ........................................................................................... 125
8.8 Modelleren van opbrengsten, kosten en winst .................................................................. 129
9 Markten .............................................................................................................................. 132
9.1 Marktmacht ....................................................................................................................... 132
9.2 Marktvormen: een overzicht ............................................................................................. 133
9.3 Perfecte concurren8e ......................................................................................................... 134
9.3.1 Het gedrag van de individuele producent en het marktaanbod ................................... 135
9.3.2 Marktresultaat en marktdynamiek (NK) ....................................................................... 136
9.3.3 Is perfecte concurren7e efficiënt? ................................................................................ 136
9.4 Monopolie ......................................................................................................................... 137
9.4.1 Waarom ontstaan monopolies? .................................................................................... 137
9.4.2 Het gedrag van de monopolist ...................................................................................... 138
9.4.3 Monopolie en welvaart ................................................................................................. 139
9.5 Monopolis8sche concurren8e: een intuï8eve combina8e van perfecte concurren8e en
monopolie ....................................................................................................................................... 141
9.6 Strategische interac8e tussen bedrijven ............................................................................ 142
9.6.1 Strategisch gedrag, Nash-evenwicht en speltheorie ..................................................... 143
9.6.2 Oligopolie en samenwerking ......................................................................................... 144
9.7 Marktmacht en prijsdiscrimina8e...................................................................................... 145
9.8 Daarom zijn we bezorgd over concurren8e! (NK) .............................................................. 146
11 Externe effecten en duurzame ontwikkeling ........................................................................ 146
12 Technologie en innovaQe..................................................................................................... 147
12.1 Wie maakt jouw iPhone? ................................................................................................... 147
12.2 Mazzucato en de overheid als ondernemer en innovator .................................................. 149
12.3 De surfer en de golf ........................................................................................................... 150
12.4 Supply-push meets demand-pull ....................................................................................... 152
12.5 Disrup8e door digitalisering, robo8sering en AI? .............................................................. 155
12.5.1 Wie wint dankzij smart factories? ............................................................................. 156
12.5.2 Vrije keuze? ............................................................................................................... 158
12.5.3 Massawerkloosheid? ................................................................................................ 158
1 ECONOMISCH ONDERZOEK 1: AANWERVINGSKANSEN EN TAALFOUTEN IN HET CV ............. 164
1.1 MOTIVATIE ......................................................................................................................... 164
1.1.1 Fit in my research agenda ............................................................................................. 164
1.1.2 What we know already: THEORY................................................................................... 164
1.1.3 What we know already: EMPIRICS ................................................................................ 165
1.1.4 What we do NOT know ................................................................................................. 165
1.1.5 What we do ................................................................................................................... 166
1.2 EXPERIMENT ...................................................................................................................... 166
1.3 RESULTATEN ....................................................................................................................... 167
1.4 CONCLUSIES ....................................................................................................................... 169
2 ECONOMISCH ONDERZOEK 2: DISCRIMINATIE OP DE ARBEIDSMARKT ................................. 170
2.1 HOE HET BEGON ................................................................................................................ 170
2.1.1 MOTIVERENDE STATISTIEKEN ........................................................................................ 170
2.1.2 ONDERZOEKSVRAGEN ................................................................................................... 171
2.1.3 EEN EERSTE EXPERIMENT .............................................................................................. 171
2.2 10 JAAR UNDERCOVER ...................................................................................................... 172
2.2.1 LAATSTE PRAKTIJKTEST GENT ........................................................................................ 172
2.2.2 LAATSTE PRAKTIJKTEST ANTWERPEN (NK) .................................................................... 174
2.2.3 ALGEMEEN BEELD ......................................................................................................... 175
2.2.4 INTERNATIONALE EVIDENTIE ........................................................................................ 175
2.2.5 LOPEND: VAN METEN NAAR ONTRAFELEN ................................................................... 175
2.3 BELEIDSREFLECTIES ............................................................................................................ 176
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