Samenvatting - Toepassing van Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistiek
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Course
Toepassing van Onderzoeksmethoden en Statistiek
Institution
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
Samenvatting van het kwalitatieve, correlationele en experimentele deel van TOE. Met inhoudsopgave zodat je makkelijk naar de onderwerpen kan. Geschreven in het Nederlands.
Inhoud
Kwalitatief...............................................................................................................................................4
Hoorcollege 1......................................................................................................................................4
Dataverzameling.................................................................................................................................4
Typen interviews in kwalitatief onderzoek..........................................................................................4
Vormen van interviews.......................................................................................................................5
Focus groepen....................................................................................................................................6
Groep samenstelling en grootte.....................................................................................................6
Vormen van focus groepen.............................................................................................................6
Stappen van focus groepen.............................................................................................................7
Eliciteren van Reacties:...................................................................................................................7
Wanneer focus groepen?................................................................................................................7
Topic list..............................................................................................................................................7
Belangrijke Aspecten van Topic Lists:..............................................................................................7
Observatie..........................................................................................................................................7
Vier Typen Observatierollen:..........................................................................................................8
Etnografisch Onderzoek: diepe immersie in de cultuur......................................................................8
Kenmerken van Etnografisch Onderzoek:.......................................................................................8
Verdere Roldefinitie........................................................................................................................9
Belangrijke Termen en Concepten:.................................................................................................9
Bestaande data...................................................................................................................................9
Toegang tot en Gebruik van Bestaande Data..................................................................................9
Manifeste vs. Latente Data:............................................................................................................9
Data-triangulatie...............................................................................................................................10
Toepassing van Triangulatie op Specifieke Onderzoeksdoelen.....................................................10
Hoorcollege 2....................................................................................................................................10
Inductieve Analyse............................................................................................................................10
Types van Codes...........................................................................................................................10
Constant Comparison...................................................................................................................11
Theoretische Saturatie en sampling..............................................................................................11
Kernprocessen en Termen............................................................................................................11
Deductieve Analyse..........................................................................................................................12
Proces...........................................................................................................................................12
Vergelijking tussen Inductief en Deductief........................................................................................12
, Integratie van Inductieve en Deductieve Benaderingen...............................................................12
Hoorcollege 3....................................................................................................................................13
Toepassing van Kwaliteitscriteria in de Context van Onderzoek naar Onderwijs tijdens Corona. .14
Discussie over Rigor in Kwalitatief Onderzoek..............................................................................14
Ethische Overwegingen in Kwalitatief Onderzoek.............................................................................14
Reflexiviteit.......................................................................................................................................14
1. Persoonlijke Reflexiviteit...........................................................................................................15
2. Epistemologische Reflexiviteit..................................................................................................15
Implementatie van Reflexiviteit....................................................................................................15
Ethische Overwegingen................................................................................................................15
Ethische perspectieven.....................................................................................................................15
Hoorcollege 4....................................................................................................................................16
Etnografisch Onderzoek....................................................................................................................16
Kwalitatief vs. Kwantitatief Onderzoek.............................................................................................17
Kwalitatief Onderzoek:..................................................................................................................17
Kwantitatief Onderzoek:...............................................................................................................17
Mixed Methods Onderzoek..............................................................................................................17
Uitdagingen en Kwaliteitsborging:................................................................................................18
Criteria voor Resultaten:...............................................................................................................18
Ethische Overwegingen in Etnografisch en Mixed Methods Onderzoek.......................................18
Uitdagingen Mixed Method onderzoek (veel gemaakte fouten)..................................................18
Ontologie..........................................................................................................................................18
Epistemologie...................................................................................................................................19
Paradigma's in Onderzoek................................................................................................................19
Correlationeel.......................................................................................................................................19
Hoorcollege 1....................................................................................................................................20
Dataverzameling in Correlationeel Onderzoek.............................................................................20
Uitdagingen en Overwegingen......................................................................................................20
Soorten Surveys............................................................................................................................21
Panelonderzoeken........................................................................................................................21
Creëren van Variabelen uit Survey Data........................................................................................21
Datapreparatie en Analyse............................................................................................................22
Survey Lifecycle en Meetfouten....................................................................................................22
Uitdagingen bij het Gebruik van Surveys voor Data Verzameling.................................................22
Hoorcollege 2....................................................................................................................................23
Betrouwbaarheid..........................................................................................................................23
, Validiteit........................................................................................................................................23
Correlatie......................................................................................................................................23
Het Verbeteren van Betrouwbaarheid en Validiteit......................................................................24
Praktische Toepassing...................................................................................................................24
Van correlatie naar regressie........................................................................................................24
Regressie.......................................................................................................................................24
Toepassing van Regressieanalyse..................................................................................................24
Residuen.......................................................................................................................................25
Hoorcollege 3: meer over regressie..................................................................................................25
R² en RMSE...................................................................................................................................25
Principes van Lineaire Regressie...................................................................................................25
Voorwaarden enkelvoudige regressie...........................................................................................26
Hoorcollege 4: meten en bronnen van vertekening..........................................................................26
Methoden voor Dataverzameling.................................................................................................26
Problemen en Oplossingen...........................................................................................................27
Experimenteel......................................................................................................................................28
Hoorcollege 1....................................................................................................................................28
Empirische cirkel...........................................................................................................................28
Nul Hypothese Significantie Toetsing............................................................................................30
Power analyse...............................................................................................................................30
De replicatie crisis.........................................................................................................................31
Gebruik en Misbruik van NHST.....................................................................................................32
Replicatie crisis voorkomen:.........................................................................................................32
Bayesiaanse hypothese evaluatie.................................................................................................32
De Bayes factor.............................................................................................................................32
Waarom de Bayes Factor?............................................................................................................33
Interpretatie van Bayes Factor Waarden.......................................................................................34
Conditionele Type I en II Fouten...................................................................................................34
Bayesian Updating........................................................................................................................35
Experimentele Designs.................................................................................................................35
Bedreigingen voor de Geldigheid van het Onderzoek:..................................................................35
Alternatieve Verklaringen voor het Niet Vinden van een Effect:...................................................37
Betrouwbaarheid van het Onderzoek:..........................................................................................37
Hoorcollege 2....................................................................................................................................37
Uitvoeren van een Eenweg ANOVA...............................................................................................37
Post Hoc Toetsen..........................................................................................................................39
, Bayesiaanse Eenweg ANOVA........................................................................................................39
Twee-weg Design..........................................................................................................................39
Counterbalancing in Twee-weg Designs.......................................................................................40
Klassiek Experimenteel Ontwerp..................................................................................................40
Gevaren voor Interne Validiteit.....................................................................................................40
Hoorcollege 3....................................................................................................................................41
Twee-weg ANOVA.........................................................................................................................41
Quasi-Experimenteel Design.........................................................................................................41
Hypotheses bij Twee-weg ANOVA................................................................................................41
Bayesiaanse Hypothese Evaluatie.................................................................................................41
Experimentele en Quasi-Experimentele Designs met Random Factoren......................................42
Hoorcollege 4....................................................................................................................................42
Preregistratie................................................................................................................................42
Eenweg en Tweeweg Designs.......................................................................................................43
Randomisatie en Validiteit in de Empirische Cirkel.......................................................................43
Statistische Hypothese Toetsing (NHST) en Bayesiaanse Analyse.................................................44
Omgaan met Aannames in ANOVA...............................................................................................44
Rapportage:..................................................................................................................................44
Kwalitatief onderzoek: ervaringen richt zich op belevingswerelden van mensen
Kwantitatief onderzoek: alles wordt op een bepaalde manier meetbaar gemaakt: ervaringen door
stellingen meetbaar gemaakt
De ervaringen van migranten uit Syrië die aankomen in Europa kwalitatief
Het effect van deelnemen aan toe-werkgroepen op eindcijfer kwantitatief
De samenhang tussen smartphonegebruik en eenzaamheid kwantitatief
Kwalitatief
Hoorcollege 1
Dataverzameling
Kwalitatief onderzoek
Kwalitatief onderzoek stelt geen hypothesen vooraf; het is een inductief proces waarbij
theorieën worden ontwikkeld vanuit verzamelde gegevens.
Dit proces is cyclisch en iteratief, wat betekent dat de onderzoeksvragen en het ontwerp
kunnen worden aangepast op basis van nieuwe data die tijdens het onderzoek naar voren
komen.
Typen interviews in kwalitatief onderzoek
1. Gestructureerd Interview:
Vragen en mogelijke antwoorden zijn vooraf vastgesteld.
Er is weinig tot geen ruimte voor afwijking van het script.
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