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BEHV 5610 Final
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BEHV 5610 FinalIn a negative reinforcement contingency, the aversive stimulus can be: - ANS--removed
contingent on the target response
-reduced contingent on the target response
In a negative reinforcement contingency, the future probability of the response: -
ANS-increases
Positive and negative reinforcement differ in: - ANS-the type of stimulus change that
follows behavior
Why is negative reinforcement sometimes confused with punishment? - ANS--People
think negative reinforcement refers to the opposite of positive reinforcement.
-The stimuli involved in negative reinforcement and punishment are considered
aversive.
An escape contingency can become this type of avoidance arrangement with the
addition of a signal. - ANS-discriminated avoidance
Turning off the alarm, which produces the termination of the loud noise, is an example
of a(n): - ANS-escape contingency
Which of the following is true of negative reinforcement? - ANS--The procedure can
involve the contingent removal of aversive stimulation.
-The procedure may be effective due to learning history.
A person has a headache, takes some pain reliever, and the headache goes away. That
person is more likely to take pain reliever when they have a headache in the future. In
this example, removal of the headache is functioning as a(n): - ANS-unconditioned
negative reinforcer
Previously neutral events that acquire their effects through pairing with existing
conditioned or unconditioned negative reinforcers are called: - ANS-conditioned
negative reinforcers
Which of the following might influence the effectiveness of negative reinforcement? -
ANS--how quickly the stimulus change occurs following the target response
,-whether the target response consistently produces escape from or postponement of
the EO
-the magnitude of the difference in stimulation present before and after the response
-whether or not reinforcement is available for competing (non-target) responses
Which of the following should be considered when deciding whether or not to use a
negative reinforcement contingency as part of a behavior change program? - ANS--the
possible occurrence of undesirable side effects typically associated with punishment
-whether the aversive stimulus will generate behaviors that could prevent the acquisition
of the target behavior
-the noxiousness of the aversive event that would be presented as an antecedent
When Joe is driving and he sees a police car, he slows down (presses the brake pedal)
and does not get a speeding ticket. This is an example of: - ANS-an avoidance
contingency
Which of the following are implications of research on changes in caregiver and teacher
responding as a function of negative reinforcement? - ANS--occurrence of problem
behavior is the EO for caregiver escape or avoidance
-maintenance of newly taught therapeutic skills maybe more than a function of the
quality of training
-responding as a function of negative reinforcement can underscore the importance of
training appropriate behavior management strategies to prevent the emergence of
inappropriate behaviors
When her baby brother is screaming, Amanda goes outside to play. This is an example
of: - ANS-escape
Kenji hates to wear his seatbelt in the car and he hates the buzzing seatbelt alarm that
goes off when he has been driving without his seatbelt for at least one minute. Kenji has
learned that by periodically pulling on the seatbelt while he is driving, he can prevent the
buzzing. This behavior is an example of: - ANS-free-operant avoidance
Negative reinforcement is negative in the sense that: - ANS-The behavior removes a
stimulus rather than producing one.
In a negative reinforcement contingency, the negative reinforcer is: - ANS-the removal
of the aversive stimulus
, When a learner terminates an existing stimulus by responding: - ANS--his behavior may
have been negatively reinforced
-he escapes the stimulus by responding
-he may be more likely to respond in the same way under similar conditions
A full description of a negative reinforcement contingency includes: - ANS--the SD
-the EO
-the response
-contingent stimulus change
Examples of unconditioned negative reinforcers? - ANS--extreme temperature
-bright light
-pain
Research has found which of the following to be true of error correction procedures? -
ANS--Requiring the learner to practice the correct response after making an error is an
effective error correction procedure.
-Error correction procedures improve performance over baseline.
-Error correction procedures involve a negative reinforcement contingency.
Research on the assessment and treatment of problem behaviors (e.g. property
destruction, aggression, and self-injury) suggests that: - ANS-Escape from task
demands is a common source of negative reinforcement.
Abe has a headache, takes some pain reliever, and the headache goes away. In the
future, when he gets a headache, Abe is more likely to take a pain reliever. Which of the
following is/are true? - ANS--The headache going away is the reinforcer.
-The headache is the EO (MO).
-This is a negative reinforcement contingency.
Which of the following are questions raised because of the relative absence of
integrated material on negative reinforcement? - ANS--Is human behavior relatively
insensitive to negative reinforcement contingencies?
-What types of performances are likely to be acquired through negative reinforcement?
-Do procedures based on negative reinforcement have little therapeutic vale?
-Are naturalistic human situations typically characterized by the absence of stimuli that
can function as negative reinforcers, or opportunities to escape from or avoid these
stimuli?
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