Exam (elaborations)
4010 test 1
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Exam of 10 pages for the course 4010 Exam 1 at 4010 Exam 1 (4010 test 1)
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4010 test 1Positive Reinforcement Hypothesis - ANS-SIB is a learned operant maintained by social
positive reinforcement, which is delivered (contingenet upon performance/occurrence of
the behavior). This hypothesis suggests that the frequency of SIB should decrease
(when consequences maintaining the behavior are withheld/discontinued)
Positive Reinforcement Hypothesis Support - ANS-SIB increased (extinction burst) at
the beginning of isolation period
Negative Reinforcement Hypothesis - ANS-SIB is a learned operant maintained by the
termination or avoidance of a aversive stimulation contingent upon the occurence of a
self-injurious act
Briefly describe the experiment conducted by Carr, Newsom and Binkoff (1976) What
may one expect if demands are aversive stimuli and SIB is an escape response? -
ANS-*One may expect a) SIB should cease upon the onset of a stimulus correlated with
the termintion of demands and b) SUB should, under certain circumstances, show the
schedule properties exhibited by other behavior under aversive control
* The Carr found that a) when the child was presented with the saftey signal ok, lets go
the child immediately stopped hitting themselves and b) the child's rate of SIB during the
demand sessions showed a scalloped pattern ( FI schedule of reinforcement)
According to Carr, what procedure would serve as escape extinction for SIB maintained
by escape from demands? - ANS-Demands would not be withdrawn if the child was
engagind in SIB
Self-Stimulation Hypothesis - ANS-This hypothesis holds that a certain level of
stimulation, particularly in the tactile, vestibular, & kinestetic modalities, is necessary for
the organism, and that when such stimulation occurs at an insufficient level, the
organism may engage in stereotyped behaviors, including SIB
Procedures - ANS-descriptions of (steps) what someone does
Processes - ANS-changes that happen as a result, functional relationship between
bahvior and environment
Describe two ways in which Carr's article influenced the feild of work in assessing and
treating behavior disorders - ANS-1) indicated self-injury was largely operant in nature,
, maintained by either positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or self-stimulation
(automatic reinforcement)
2) Different contingencies or reinforcement maintain problem behavior for different
people = different treatment for differnt people
Automatic Positive Reinforcement - ANS-Production of reinforcing stimuli occurs
naturally- not delivered, or medicated by another person EX. Visual stimulation occurs
following/ as a direct result of eye poking
Automatic Negative Reinforcement - ANS-Elimination or termination of aversive
stimulation occurs without human intervention or mediation
Ex. Scratching alleviates or lessens itching
Describe the primary difference between experimental analysis methods for assessing
problem behavior (FA) and other assessment proceduers (AA,DA) - ANS-The direct
manipulation of antecendents and consequences involved in functional analysis allows
experimental/empirical demostration of operant function
Describe the approach to treating problem behavior that predominated the literature
prior to (Iwata) the development of a function-analytic approach to assessing and
treating problem behaviors - ANS-Treatment focused on structural/topographical
characteristics of the behavior and largely ignored the functional characteristics (operant
mechanism involved)
Why is Volmer article important? - ANS-For the 15 years prior to this publication, most
research on self-injury focused on discovering means for effective elimination
Results were mixed & authors reported that the following treatment procedures were
sometimes effective DRI/DRO
Contingent aversive stimulation
Extinction
Timeout
A contingency (an inappropriate behavior) requiring the person to engage in an effortful
response that ore than corrects the effects of the inappropriate behavior
The only treatments consistemently effective were - ANS-Punishment (aversive
stimulation)
Legal & Ethical issues with aversive procedures?
Accrediation Council for Facilities for the Mentally Retarded limits use of punishment to
those situations in which other treatments have failed
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