BIOD 102 PORTAGE LEARNING EXAM QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Phases of the Cell Cycle
Interphase and Mitotic Phase
Components of Interphase
G1, S, G2
G1 and G2
Gap phases characterized by cellular growth
S Phase
Time for chromosome duplication and DNA replication
Mitosis
...
Phases of the Cell Cycle
Interphase and Mitotic Phase
Components of Interphase
G1, S, G2
G1 and G2
Gap phases characterized by cellular growth
S Phase
Time for chromosome duplication and DNA replication
Mitosis
Division of genetic material into 5 subphases
Cytokinesis
Process of dividing the cell's cytoplasm
Origin of Replication
Location with short nucleotides for replication initiation
Helicase
Enzyme untwisting and separating DNA strands at replication fork
Replication Fork
Y-shaped area where DNA strands untwist
Replication Bubble
Visible bubble formed during DNA replication
Single Stranded Binding Proteins
Act as a wedge to keep the parent strands separated and stabilized
Topoisomerase
, Breaks hydrogen bonds and nucleotide bases; plays a role in rejoining DNA strands
after replication
RNA Primers
Complementary to the parental DNA strand
RNA
Single-stranded with sugar ribose; contains uracil instead of thymine
Primase
Facilitates synthesis of RNA primer using unwound DNA strand as template
DNA Polymerase
Adds nucleotides to the 3' end of existing chain via dehydration reactions
Triphosphate Tail
Has three phosphate groups with a negative charge
Pyrophosphate
Undergoes hydrolysis to release energy by splitting into two inorganic phosphates
Leading Strand
Complementary RNA primer strand elongated in 5' to 3' direction; nucleotides added
continuously
Lagging Strand
Replicated in fragments called Okazaki fragments in a 3' to 5' direction away from the
replication fork
DNA Ligase
facilitates the joining of Okazaki fragments
Mismatch Repair
proteins identify and replace mismatched nucleotides
Nucleotide Excision Repair
remediates errors in newly synthesized DNA strands
Nucleases
enzymes that cut out DNA stretches
Telomeres
protective nucleotide sequences at the ends of DNA strands
Telomerases
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