Bias introduced into a study when a clinician is aware of the patient's treatment type. -
Observational bias
Bias introduced when screening detects a diseae earlier and thus lengthens the time from
diagnosis to death. - Lead-time bias
If you want to know if geographical location affects infant...
COMLEX Level 2 Biostats + Ethics UPDATED Exam Questions and CORREC T Answers Bias introduced into a study when a clinician is aware of the patient's treatment type. - ✔✔✔Observational bias Bias introduced when screening detects a diseae earlier and thus lengthens the time from diagnosis to death. - ✔✔✔Lead -time bias If you want to know if geographical location affects infant mortality rate but most variation in infant mortality is predicted by socioeconomic status, then socioeconomic status is a _____. - ✔✔✔Confounding variable/factor The proportion of people who have the disease and test positive is known as the ___. - ✔✔✔sensitivity Sensitive tests have few false negatives and are used to rule ___ a disease. - ✔✔✔Out (i.e. PPD test) Chronic diseases such as SLE. Higher prevalence or incidence? - ✔✔✔Higher prevalence Epidemics such as influenza. Higher prevalence or incidence? - ✔✔✔Higher incidence Incidence or prevalence: Cross -sectional study. - ✔✔✔Prevalence Incidence or prevalence: Cohort study. - ✔✔✔Incidence and prevalence Incidence or prevalence: Case -control study. - ✔✔✔Neither. A test that consistently gives identical wrong results is ___ reliability/precision and ___ validity/accuracy. - ✔✔✔high, low An ___ ratio is an estimate of relative risk when the disease prevalence is low. - ✔✔✔Odds What is the difference in risk in the exposed and unexposed groups called? - ✔✔✔Attributable risk The most common cancer in men is ___. - ✔✔✔prostate cancer Most common cause of cancer death in men is ___. - ✔✔✔lung cancer What is the percentage of cases within 1, 2, and 3 standard deviations of the mean? - ✔✔✔68%; 95.4%; 99.7% Birth rate is number of live births per ___ in 1 year. - ✔✔✔1000 Death rate is number of deaths per ___ in 1 year. - ✔✔✔1000 Neonatal mortality rate is the number of deaths from births to ___ days per 1000 live births in 1 year. - ✔✔✔28 Infants mortality rate is the number of deaths from births to ___ year per 1000 live births in 1 year. - ✔✔✔1 Maternal mortality rate is the number of deaths during pregnancy to ___ days postpartum per 100,000 live births in 1 year. - ✔✔✔42 True or False: Once patients sign a statement giving consent, they must continue treatment. - ✔✔✔False, patients may change their minds at any time (exceptions to the requirment of informed consent include emergency situations and patients without decision -making capacity) A 15 year old pregnant girl requires hospitalization for preeclampsia. Is parental consent required? - ✔✔✔No, parental consent is not necessary for the medical treatment of pregnant minors Can a doctor refer a patient for an MRI at a facility he/she owns? - ✔✔✔No, because conflict of interest Involuntary psychiatric hospitalizationcan be undertaken for which three reasons? - ✔✔✔(1) danger to self (2) danger to others (3) The patient is gravely disabled True or False: It is more difficult to justify the withdrawal of futile care that to have withheld the treatment in the first place. - ✔✔✔False, withdrawing a nonbeneficial treatment is ethically similar to withholding a nonindicated one. Can a mother can refuse to allow her child to be vaccinated? - ✔✔✔Yes (parent has the right to refuse treatment for his/her child as long as it dose not pose a serious threat to the well -being of the child) Name four condition a physician refuse to continue treating a patient on the grounds of futility? - ✔✔✔(1) There is no rationale for treatment (2) Maximal intervention is failing (3) A given intervention has already failed (4) Treatment will not achieve the goal of care Can a 15 year old girl seeking treatment for an STD asks that her parents not be told about her condition? - ✔✔✔Yes (Minors can consent to care for STDs without parental consent or knowledge) List four conditions in which confidentiality must be overridden. - ✔✔✔(1) Real threat of harm to third parties (2) Suicidal intentions (3) Certain contagious diseases (4) Elder and child abuse
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