Samenvatting - Sociale psychologie (rechten 2e bach)
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Course
Sociale psychologie (B001313)
Institution
Universiteit Gent (UGent)
Samenvatting van het vak Sociale Psychologie gegeven in de 2e bachelor rechten aan UGent.
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HOOFDSTUK 1: INLEIDING (MC).................................................................................................................................................. 6
1. DE MENS IS EEN SOCIAAL DIER ................................................................................................................................................... 6
2. SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE ............................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.1 Definitie........................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 De kracht vd sociale situatie ........................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Verwante disciplines ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Andere psychologische domeinen .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.5 Mensenkennis ................................................................................................................................................................. 8
3. DE GESCHIEDENIS VAN DE SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE .................................................................................................................... 8
3.1 De beginjaren .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.2 De jaren van bevestiging ................................................................................................................................................. 9
3.3 Groei en debat .............................................................................................................................................................. 10
3.4 Methodologisch en inhoudelijk pluralisme ................................................................................................................... 10
4. SOCIALE PSYCHOLOGIE IN DE 21E EEUW .................................................................................................................................. 11
HOODSTUK 2: ONDERZOEKSMETHODEN (MC) ......................................................................................................................... 12
1. DE ONTWIKKELING VAN HYPOTHESEN ..................................................................................................................................... 12
2. HET OPERATIONALISEREN VAN SOCIAALPSYCHOLOGISCHE VARIABELEN ............................................................................... 12
2.1 Zelfbeschrijving ............................................................................................................................................................. 13
2.2 Gedragsobservatie ........................................................................................................................................................ 13
3. IDEEËN TESTEN: ONDERZOEKSPLANNEN .................................................................................................................................. 14
3.1 Beschrijvend onderzoek ................................................................................................................................................ 14
3.2 Correlationeel onderzoek ............................................................................................................................................. 14
3.3 Experimenteel onderzoek: manipuleren van de situatie .............................................................................................. 15
4. ETHIEK EN WAARDEN ............................................................................................................................................................... 16
4.1 Geïnformeerde toestemming ....................................................................................................................................... 16
4.2 Debriefing: Alle uitleg verstrekken ............................................................................................................................... 17
4.3 Waarden en wetenschap .............................................................................................................................................. 17
HOOFDSTUK 4: SOCIALE PERCEPTIE (MC) ................................................................................................................................. 18
1. HET RUWE MATERIAAL VAN DE EERSTE INDRUK ..................................................................................................................... 18
1.1 De waarnemer .............................................................................................................................................................. 18
1.2 Het uiterlijk ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
1.3 Situaties ........................................................................................................................................................................ 19
1.4 Gedrag........................................................................................................................................................................... 19
2. ATTRIBUTIE: VAN ELEMENTEN TOT DISPOSITIES ...................................................................................................................... 20
2.1 Attributietheorieën ....................................................................................................................................................... 20
2.2 De theorie van corresponderende gevolgtrekkingen ................................................................................................... 21
2.3 Kelley’s covariatietheorie .............................................................................................................................................. 21
2.4 Attributionele vertekeningen ....................................................................................................................................... 22
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, 3. INTEGRATIE: VAN DISPOSITIES TOT IMPRESSIES ...................................................................................................................... 24
3.1 Enkele basisbevindingen ............................................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 Integratie van kenmerken in een globale impressie ..................................................................................................... 25
3.3 Afwijkingen van het gemiddeld model ......................................................................................................................... 25
4. CONFIRMATIEVERTEKENING: VAN IMPRESSIES NAAR REALITEIT............................................................................................. 26
4.1 Persistentie van opvattingen ........................................................................................................................................ 26
4.2 Confirmatorische hypothesetoetsing ........................................................................................................................... 27
4.3 De zelfvervullende voorspelling .................................................................................................................................... 27
4. GEHOORZAAMHEID .................................................................................................................................................................. 35
4.3 Trotseren: wanneer verzet men zich? .......................................................................................................................... 38
HOOFDSTUK 10: AGRESSIE (O).................................................................................................................................................. 39
1. WAT IS AGRESSIE?..................................................................................................................................................................... 39
1.1 Pestgedrag .................................................................................................................................................................... 39
1.2 De meting van agressie ................................................................................................................................................. 39
2. CROSSNATIONALE EN INTRACULTURELE VERSCHILLEN ............................................................................................................ 39
3. DE OORSPRONG VAN AGRESSIE................................................................................................................................................ 40
3.1 Het erfelijkheidsperspectief .......................................................................................................................................... 40
3.2 Het leerperspectief ....................................................................................................................................................... 41
4. SOCIAALPSYCHOLOGISCHE THEORIEËN VAN AGRESSIE ........................................................................................................... 42
4.1 Frustratie....................................................................................................................................................................... 42
4.2 Negatief affect .............................................................................................................................................................. 42
4.3 Fysiologische opwinding ............................................................................................................................................... 42
4.4 Cognitieve processen .................................................................................................................................................... 42
4.5 Een integratief model van agressie ............................................................................................................................... 43
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, 5. DE INVLOED VAN GEWELDMEDIA............................................................................................................................................. 43
5.1 Geweld komt frequent voor in allerlei media ............................................................................................................... 43
5.2 Pornografie ................................................................................................................................................................... 45
6. VERBORGEN GEWELD ............................................................................................................................................................... 46
6.1 Seksuele agressie .......................................................................................................................................................... 46
6.2 Partnergeweld............................................................................................................................................................... 46
6.3 Kindermishandeling ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
7. DE REDUCTIE VAN GEWELD ...................................................................................................................................................... 46
7.1 Concrete maatregelen .................................................................................................................................................. 46
7.2 Omvattende programma’s ............................................................................................................................................ 47
HOOFDSTUK 11: DE SOCIAALPSYCHOLOGISCHE BASIS VAN GROEPEN (O) ................................................................................ 48
1. KENMERKEN VAN GROEPEN ..................................................................................................................................................... 48
1.1 Basisfuncties van groepen ............................................................................................................................................ 48
1.2 De groep als veilige haven ............................................................................................................................................ 48
1.3 Groepsgrootte ............................................................................................................................................................... 48
1.4 Groepsterritorium ......................................................................................................................................................... 48
2. GROEPSSTRUCTUUR ................................................................................................................................................................. 49
2.1 Normen en rollen .......................................................................................................................................................... 49
2.2 De affectieve structuur van de groep ........................................................................................................................... 49
2.3 De communicatiestructuur ........................................................................................................................................... 50
2.4 Groepssamenstelling en diversiteit .............................................................................................................................. 50
3. MACHT EN LEIDERSCHAP .......................................................................................................................................................... 51
3.1 Macht ............................................................................................................................................................................ 51
3.2 Klassieke benaderingen ................................................................................................................................................ 51
3.3 Toxisch leiderschap ....................................................................................................................................................... 52
3.4 Beslissingen van de leider ............................................................................................................................................. 53
4. DE AANWEZIGHEID VAN ANDERE GROEPEN ............................................................................................................................ 53
4.1 Impact op groepsgedrag ............................................................................................................................................... 53
4.2 Impact op leiderschap ................................................................................................................................................... 54
4.3 Conflictescalatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 54
HOOFDSTUK 12: GROEPSPRESTATIES (MC) ............................................................................................................................... 55
1. Collectieve processen ............................................................................................................................................................... 55
1.1 Sociale facilitatie ........................................................................................................................................................... 55
2. ONENIGHEID EN VERSCHILLENDE OPINIES ............................................................................................................................... 57
2.1 Deviantie ....................................................................................................................................................................... 57
2.2 Sociale beslissingsschema (SBS) .................................................................................................................................... 57
2.3 Groepspolarisatie .......................................................................................................................................................... 58
3. PRESTATIES IN KLEINE, TAAKGERICHTE GROEPEN .................................................................................................................... 59
3.1 Groepsprestatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 59
3.2 Brainstormen ................................................................................................................................................................ 59
3
, 3.3 Vertekende steekproeftrekking .................................................................................................................................... 60
3.4 Groepsgeheugen ........................................................................................................................................................... 61
3.5 Heuristieken .................................................................................................................................................................. 61
3.6 Groepsefficiëntie verhogen .......................................................................................................................................... 62
4. GROEPSDENKEN: HET PERSPECTIEF VERLIEZEN........................................................................................................................ 62
4.1 Het groepsdenken model ............................................................................................................................................. 62
4.2 Empirische onderzoeken ............................................................................................................................................... 63
4.3 Groepsdenken voorkomen ........................................................................................................................................... 63
HOOFDSTUK 14: DE DIVERSE SAMENLEVING (O) ...................................................................................................................... 64
1. DIVERSITEIT ............................................................................................................................................................................... 64
1.1 Is diversiteit het probleem? .......................................................................................................................................... 64
1.2 Hypersegregatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 64
2. INTER-ETNISCH CONTACT ......................................................................................................................................................... 65
2.1 De contact-hypothese ................................................................................................................................................... 65
2.2 Schooldesegregatie in de VS ......................................................................................................................................... 65
2.3 Langdurig contact en vriendschappen .......................................................................................................................... 66
2.4 Cognitieve en affectieve gevolgen van contact ............................................................................................................ 66
2.5 Diversiteit en contact .................................................................................................................................................... 67
3. PROBLEMEN MET INTERETNISCH CONTACT ............................................................................................................................. 67
3.1 Spontaan opzoeken van elkaar ..................................................................................................................................... 67
3.2 Contactervaringen ........................................................................................................................................................ 67
3.3 De sollicitatiesetting ..................................................................................................................................................... 67
3.4 Na het contact............................................................................................................................................................... 68
3.5 Multiculturalisme .......................................................................................................................................................... 68
4. PUZZELKLAS EN AFFIRMATIEVE ACTIE ...................................................................................................................................... 69
4.1 De ideale school (puzzelklas) ........................................................................................................................................ 69
4.2 Affirmatieve/Positieve Actie ......................................................................................................................................... 69
4.3 Aanvaarding van affirmatieve actie .............................................................................................................................. 70
4.4 Tegenstanders van affirmatieve actie ........................................................................................................................... 70
4.5 Psychische dimensie van voorkeursbehandeling door quota ....................................................................................... 70
5. EFFECTEN VAN GOEDBEDOELDE MAATREGELEN, MEDIA EN WETTEN & REGELS ................................................................... 71
5.1 Educatie ........................................................................................................................................................................ 71
5.2 Media ............................................................................................................................................................................ 71
5.3 Wetten en Regels .......................................................................................................................................................... 71
5.4 nIvloed van omgeving en sociale normen .................................................................................................................... 71
HOOFDSTUK 15: DUURZAAMHEID (O) ...................................................................................................................................... 73
1. EIGENBELANG OF REKENING HOUDEN MET ANDEREN? .......................................................................................................... 73
1.1 Gevangenendilemma .................................................................................................................................................... 73
1.2 Middelendilemma’s ...................................................................................................................................................... 73
1.3 Gereduceerde dilemma’s .............................................................................................................................................. 74
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