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D103 Final Exam.
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Exam of 6 pages for the course 11 Body Systems (Anatomy & Physiology at 11 Body Systems (Anatomy & Physiology (D103 Final Exam.)
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D103 Final ExamWhat activates mTOR? - ANS-PKB
What is mTOR? - ANS-activated by PKB and is sensitive to rapomycin; stimulates cell
growth and metabolism
What are cellular responses in response to activation of PKB/AKT? - ANS-promotes
glucose uptake
promotes cell survival by Ph. and inactivating pro-apop proteins such as BAD
promotes cell growth
Upon male stimulation, what is released in a G2 arrested oocyte to enter meiosis? -
ANS-progesterone
What is progesterone? - ANS-released by female's ovary; induces G2 arrested oocytes
to enter meiosis I and progress to 2nd meiotic metaphase
what does oocytes undergoing meiosis contain? - ANS-maturation promoting factor
True or false: MPF activity correlates with entry of cells into meiosis or mitosis -
ANS-True
What is cdc28? - ANS-the first protein in the cell cycle
What is Cyclin D and its CDK? - ANS-Found at the G1 entry into cycle; CDK 4/6
What is Cyclin E and its CDK? - ANS-Found at G1/S; CDK 2
What is Cyclin A and its CDK? - ANS-Found at S; CDK 1
What is Cyclin B and its CKD? - ANS-Found at M; CDK 1
How is Cyclin D turned on? - ANS-Growth factor signaling
What is the Anaphase Promoting Complex? - ANS-Controls degradation of mitotic
cyclins & exit from mitosis; gets upregulated as the cell transitions into telophase;
targets cyclins for degradation
, What does APC-cdc20 degrade? - ANS-securin
What does APC-cdh1 degrade? - ANS-M-cyclins
What are the two pathways for regulating and degrading cyclins and proteins? - ANS-1.
Proteasomal Pathway
2. Lysosomal Pathway
What is the proteasome pathway? - ANS-1. E1 (Ub activating enzyme) is Ubiquitinated
2. E1 transfers Ub to E2
3. E3 transfer Ub from E2 to the lysine residue of target protein
4. Subsequent ligase reactions attach multiple Ub molecules to poly-ubiquintinate
5. Poly-Ub protein is targeted to proteasome and is broken down into amino acids
What happens at G0 phase? - ANS-cells are differentiated; protein synthesis
What is AP1? - ANS-transcritpion factor that binds to Cyclin D promoter and activates
Cyclin D; when it subunits Jun and Fos dimerize, they turn on Cyclin D
What are the subunits of AP1? - ANS-Jun and Fos
How is Fos activated? - ANS-MAPK cascade
How is Jun activated? - ANS-MAPK cascade
What initiates the metaphase to anaphase transition? - ANS-APC/C
restriction point - ANS-the point at G1 at which the cell commits and no longer needs
GFs to complete the cell cycle
Activating CDK - ANS-1. Free Cdk has its T loop blocking the protein to ATP
2. When cyclin binds to the Cdk, the T loop in the Cdk is exposed
3. The T loop is phosphorylated by Cdk Activating Kinase (CAK) and fully exposes
binding site & kinase activity
What do growth factors stimulate? - ANS-G1-CDK activity ( Cyclin D)
Rb pathway - ANS-1. Cyclin D is continuously stimulated by GFs
2. Stimulated Cyclin D phosphorylates Rb
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