In deze samenvatting staan op chronologische volgorde mijn aantekeningen van alle hoorcolleges en benodigde boekhoofdstukken. Als er vragen zijn hoor ik ze graag! Een tip is om mijn aantekeningen naast de hoorcollege slides en het boek te leggen zodat je een leidraad hebt met het leren. Daarnaast k...
Nice complete summary. Missed some notes from the hc slides and a shame that characters from the book are sometimes referred to for people who don't have the book but otherwise good ones!
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Toegepaste cognitieve psychologie
Hoofdstuk 1: Historical foundations of human factors
Engineering is about human physiology, ergonomics, and human
interaction.
- But also about cognition, processing of information and physiological
responses to stimulation
The ability of a system (even if the inanimate parts of this system are
good) still rely on human components.
- If a small person cannot reach a light switch, the light will not go on
Usability was a problem early on for computer technology.
- No mouse
- No window-based graphical interface
Increase in security online comes with a decrease in usability:
- Because of additional tasks and activities
Human-machine system: adequacy of operator and machine together.
- Useful to analyze performance of human and inanimate components
of the system
Human factors: the study of those variables that influence the efficiency
with which the human performer can interact with the inanimate
components of a system to accomplish the system goals.
- Aka ergonomics, human engineering, engineering psychology
Difference between human performance researcher and human factors
researcher is:
- Human performance: focused on process within the human
components.
- Human factor: focused on designing the human-machine interface to
optimize achievement of system goal.
Human factor specialist needs to consider basic human performance
capabilities (because they cannot be improved by much, apart from
training) to wisely use the freedom available in the design of the machine
component of the system.
The entire human-machine system is embedded into the work
environment, which can also affect performance of human and machine
component (example of heat)
,Macroergonomics: interactions between organizational environment and
the design and implementation of a system
Weber’s law: the absolute amount of change needed to perceive a
difference in magnitude increases with intensity, whereas the relative
amount remains constant
Hoorcollege 1:
Human factors klassiek is “waar gaat het fout”
Maar human centered design: Gefocust op de mens zodat de mens geen
bottleneck vormt
TCP gaat over:
- Bevorderen van de veiligheid
- Verbeteren van alledaagse dingen
- Ondersteuning van de werk en leefsituatie
Door
- De omgeving aan te passen
En
- Daarbij kennis en methoden uit de cognitieve psychologie te
gebruiken
In het boek “divided attention” staat een deel wat handig is voor de POC
opdracht
Hoorcollege 2:
Welke gebeurtenissen zorgen voor ontwikkeling van dit vakgebied
- Industriële revolutie: Fitting the worker to the job
o Doel was om productie omhoog te brengen (hoe doe je dat?)
Arbeidsverdeling: iedereen doet een deel (charles
babbage)
o Frederick Taylor: Arbeiders werkten met opzet onder hun
maximale capaciteit
Je wordt niet meer betaald voor hoeveel je doet
Hier komt de term scientific management en taylorisme
van
Kritiek:
Onmenselijk
Exploitatie
o Time and motion studies: Frank & Lillian Gilbreth
Met behulp van tijdstudies en bewegingstudies bepaal je
welke werkmethode het meest efficient is
o Hawthorne effect is observer bias
o Waar wordt het taylorisme vandaag de dmag nog steeds
toegepast? Hoeveel tijd heb je voor welke taak nodig
, Koffietentjes
Post bezorgen
Thuiszorg
o Verdiensten scientific management:
Wetenschappelijke analyse -> arbeider welzijn
Aandacht voor individuele taken van arbeiders
Productieverhoging door slimmer werken
Niet door meer uren te maken
o Verschil TCP en A&O
A&O meer focus op mens, TCP meer op aanpassing van
het systeem aan de mens
- Tweede wereldoorlog: Fitting the job to the worker
o Meer aandacht
Voor ongelukken
Voor aanpassing op de mens (aandacht voor de human
factor)
o Opkomst signaal detectie theorie
o Mackworth clock test
Hoe langer je een taak doet hoe slechter je hem doet
Vigilance decretment
- Digitale revolutie: mens machine interactie
Hoofdstuk 9: Attention and the assessment of mental workload
Two types of attention:
- Selective attention
o Determines our ability to focus on certain sources of
information and ignore others
Listening to one person while other people are also
talking
- Divided attention
o Our ability to do more than one thing at once
Driving and talking
A task that requires considerable mental effort is called “attention
demanding”
- “mental workload” is an estimate of the cognitive demands of an
operator’s duties
Executive control: The strategies a person adopts in different task
environments to control the flow of information and task performance
Models of attention:
- Bottleneck models:
o Specify a particular stage in the information processing
sequence where the amount of information to which we can
attend is limited
, o Performance gets worse as the amount of information
increases
o Early or late selection:
Early:
Filter theory: stimuli enter a central processing
cannel one at a time to be identified, unwanted
messages are filtered out early
o Explains why people have little awareness of
or memory for stimulus events to which they
are not attending
Filter-attenuation model: an early filter serves only
to attenuate a signal of an unattended message
rather than to block it entirely
o Explains that unattended stimuli of
particularly high salience due to context or
past experience may nevertheless enter
awareness
Late:
Late-selection model: Moving the filter to later in
the processing sequence
o Explains why major decrements in
performance are often associated with
processes that occur after perception and
stimulus identifications
Hybrid:
Load theory: whether selection is early or late will
depend on whether the perceptual load Is low or
high
o When load is high, selection is shifted to
early in the process and irrelevant stimuli
are not identified
o When load is low, slection can be delayed
until later in the processing sequence
- Resource models:
o View attention as a limited capacity resource that can be
allocated to one or more tasks (rather than fixed as in
bottleneck)
Performance gets worse as the resources decrease
o Single or multiple resource:
Single:
Unitary resource models: Attention is a limited
capacity resource that can be applied to a variety
of processes and tasks. Different tasks have
different attentional requirements.
o Harder tasks require more attention
o But also, mental underload is possible
Explains how people can control how attention is
divided across tasks
Multiple
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