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Organisatiepsychologie1
,Deel 1: inleiding......................................................................................................................................8
1 Introductie in de organisatiepsychologie (OP).....................................................................................8
1.1 Wat is organisatiepsychologie?....................................................................................................8
1.1.1 Wat is een organisatie?..........................................................................................................8
1.1.1.1 Hoeveel mensen vormen een organisatie?.....................................................................8
1.1.1.2 Welke doelstellingen heeft de organisatie?....................................................................8
1.1.1.3 Hoe wordt het werk verdeeld?.......................................................................................8
1.1.1.4 Hoe wordt de toekomst gezien?.....................................................................................8
1.1.2 Organisatiepsychologie als wetenschap................................................................................8
1.2 De economische omgeving van organisaties................................................................................9
1.3 Historiek van de organisatiepsychologie......................................................................................9
1.3.1 Voorgeschiedenis...................................................................................................................9
1.3.2 Scientific management..........................................................................................................9
1.3.2.1 Zijn medewerkers van nature lui?...................................................................................9
1.3.2.2 Hoe dient het werk verdeeld te worden?.....................................................................10
1.3.2.3 Bestaan er verschillen tussen medewerkers?...............................................................10
1.3.2.4 Hoe functioneren organisaties?....................................................................................10
1.3.2.5 Wat is de betekenis hiervan voor het personeelsbeleid?.............................................10
1.3.3 Human relations-beweging..................................................................................................10
1.3.4 Het revisionisme..................................................................................................................11
1.4 De hedendaagse organisatie.......................................................................................................11
1.4.1 Het virtuele bedrijf...............................................................................................................11
1.4.2 Mensgerichte organisatie....................................................................................................11
1.4.3 Kennisonderneming.............................................................................................................12
1.4.4 Geautomatiseerd bedrijf......................................................................................................12
1.4.5 Klantgerichte organisatie.....................................................................................................12
1.4.5.1 Wat zijn de principes van integrale kwaliteitszorg?......................................................12
1.4.5.2 Lean management........................................................................................................13
1.4.6 Globalisering........................................................................................................................13
1.4.7 Pluriform personeelsbeleid..................................................................................................13
1.4.8 Drang naar innovaties..........................................................................................................13
1.4.8.1 Hoe nieuw zijn innovaties?...........................................................................................13
1.4.8.2 Wat is digitale disruptie?..............................................................................................14
1.4.9 Het nieuwe werken..............................................................................................................14
1.4.9.1 Tijd- en plaats afhankelijk werken................................................................................14
1.4.9.2 Sturen op resultaat.......................................................................................................14
2
, 1.4.9.3 Vrije toegang tot kennis, ervaringen en informatie......................................................14
1.4.9.4 Flexibele arbeidsrelaties...............................................................................................14
1.4.10 Maatschappelijk verantwoord ondernemen (MVO)..........................................................14
1.4.10.1 Wat zijn de uitgangspunten van MVO?.......................................................................14
1.4.10.2 Cradle-to-cradleprincipe.............................................................................................15
1.4.10.3 Wat is green baching?.................................................................................................15
Deel II: individuele processen in organisaties.......................................................................................16
2 Hoofdstuk 2 niet kennen...................................................................................................................16
3 Hoofdstuk 3: motivatie......................................................................................................................16
3.1 Wat is motivatie?........................................................................................................................16
3.2 Bekrachtigingstheorieën VS motivatie 3.0..................................................................................16
3.2.1.1 Kunnen beloningen de motivatie beïnvloeden?...........................................................16
3.3 Inhoudelijke theorieën...............................................................................................................17
3.3.1 Het hiërarchisch model........................................................................................................17
3.3.1.1 De visie van Maslow......................................................................................................17
3.3.1.2 Welke tekortkomingen kleven aan deze theorie?........................................................17
3.3.1.3 Visie van Alderfer..........................................................................................................17
3.3.2 X- en Y-theorie.....................................................................................................................18
3.3.2.1 X-theorie.......................................................................................................................18
3.3.2.2 Y-theorie.......................................................................................................................18
3.3.3 Tweefactorentheorie van Hertzberg....................................................................................18
3.3.3.1 How do you motivate employees?...............................................................................19
3.3.4 Behoeftetheorie van McClelland.........................................................................................20
3.3.4.1 Need for achievement (prestatiedrang)........................................................................20
3.3.4.2 Need for power (macht)...............................................................................................20
3.3.4.3 Need for affiliation (affiliatie)........................................................................................20
3.4 Procestheorieën.........................................................................................................................21
3.4.1 Doelstellingstheorie (Locke)................................................................................................21
3.4.1.1 Doelstellingstheorie: goal-setting theory......................................................................21
3.4.2 Rechtvaardigheidstheorie/equity theory van Adams..........................................................22
3.4.2.1 Reacties op onevenwicht..............................................................................................23
3.4.3 Verwachtingstheorie van Vroom.........................................................................................23
3.4.4 Zelfdeterminatietheorie.......................................................................................................24
4 Hoofdstuk 4: motivatie: van theorie naar toepassing........................................................................25
4.1 Management by objectives (MBO).............................................................................................25
4.2 Herontwerp van taken................................................................................................................25
3
, 4.2.1 Van vereenvoudigd naar herontwerp van taken.................................................................25
4.2.2 Taakroulatie en taakverbreding...........................................................................................25
4.2.2.1 Taakroulatie..................................................................................................................26
4.2.3 Taakverbreding....................................................................................................................26
4.2.4 Taakverrijking......................................................................................................................26
4.2.5 Taakkenmerkenmodel.........................................................................................................26
4.2.5.1 Job diagnostic survery...................................................................................................28
4.2.5.2 Wat is de betekenis voor de praktijk?...........................................................................28
1.1.5 niet kennen..........................................................................................................................28
4.3 Alternatieve werkvormen / flexibele werkregelingen................................................................28
4.3.1 Duobanen............................................................................................................................28
4.3.2 Flexibele werktijden.............................................................................................................28
4.3.3 Telewerken/thuiswerken.....................................................................................................29
4.4 Bevorderen van werknemersbetrokkenheid..............................................................................29
4.4.1 Participatief leiderschap......................................................................................................29
4.4.2 Autonome werkgroepen......................................................................................................29
4.4.3 Medezeggenschap...............................................................................................................30
4.4.4 Jobcrafting...........................................................................................................................30
4.4.5 Motivatie checklist...............................................................................................................30
5 Hoofdstuk 8: fundamenten van groepsgedrag..................................................................................31
5.1 Kansen en bedreigingen in groepen...........................................................................................31
5.1.1 Sociale facilitatie en belemmering.......................................................................................31
5.1.1.1 Zijn sociale facilitatie en belemmering twee tegengestelde fenomenen?....................31
5.1.2 Lijntrekken/social loafing.....................................................................................................31
5.2 Besluitvormingen in groepen......................................................................................................32
5.2.1 Hoe nemen groepen besluiten?...........................................................................................32
5.2.2 Voordelen beslissen in groep...............................................................................................32
5.2.3 De donkere kant van beslissen in groep: groepsdenken (groupthink).................................32
5.2.3.1 Symptomen groepsdenken...........................................................................................33
5.2.3.2 Gevolgen voor besluitvorming......................................................................................33
5.2.3.3 Groepsdenken tegengaan.............................................................................................33
6 Hoofdstuk 9: Teams in organisaties...................................................................................................34
6.1 Belang en populariteit van teams...............................................................................................34
6.2 Groepen VS teams......................................................................................................................34
6.3 Wat is een team? (Johnson).......................................................................................................35
6.4 Soorten teams............................................................................................................................35
4
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