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Sociale psychologie1
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1 Hoofdstuk 1: wat is sociale psychologie?.............................................................................................6
1.1 Studieobject en definitie van de sociale psychologie....................................................................7
1.2 Werkwijze van de sociale psychologie..........................................................................................7
1.2.1 Drie dimensies.......................................................................................................................7
1.2.2 Het experiment als methode.................................................................................................7
2 Hoofdstuk 2: hulpverlenend gedrag....................................................................................................9
2.1 Kitty Genovese............................................................................................................................10
2.1.1 De nacht van de moord.......................................................................................................10
2.2 Diffusie van de verantwoordelijkheid.........................................................................................10
2.2.1 Experiment 1........................................................................................................................11
2.2.2 Experiment 2........................................................................................................................12
2.3 Factoren van invloed op het hulpverlenend gedrag...................................................................12
2.3.1 Bekendheid van medegetuigen...........................................................................................12
2.3.1.1 Experiment 3.................................................................................................................13
2.3.2 Competentie van de omstanders.........................................................................................13
2.3.3 Kosten en baten...................................................................................................................13
2.3.3.1 Negatieve gevolgen van het helpen..............................................................................14
2.3.3.2 Positieve gevolgen van het helpen...............................................................................15
2.3.3.3 Negatieve gevolgen van het niet-helpen......................................................................15
2.3.3.4 Positieve gevolgen van het niet-helpen........................................................................16
2.3.3.5 Schuldgevoel (hoort bij negatieve gevolgen van het niet-helpen)................................16
2.3.4 Inschatten van de ernst van de noodsituatie.......................................................................16
2.3.5 Kenmerken van de hulpverlener..........................................................................................17
2.3.6 Kenmerken van het slachtoffer............................................................................................17
2.4 Cognitief decisiemodel (Darley en Latané).................................................................................19
3 Hoofdstuk 3: agressie........................................................................................................................20
3.1 Inleiding en definitie...................................................................................................................20
3.2 Agressief gedrag en de prikkelsituatie........................................................................................20
3.3 Territoriumleer...........................................................................................................................20
3.4 Intrapersoonlijke oorzaken.........................................................................................................22
3.4.1 Persoonlijkheid....................................................................................................................22
3.4.2 Competitie...........................................................................................................................22
3.4.3 Emoties................................................................................................................................22
3.5 Aangeleerde agressie..................................................................................................................23
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,4 Hoofdstuk 4: gehoorzaamheid..........................................................................................................25
4.1 Het gehoorzaamheidsexperiment van Stanley Milgram.............................................................25
4.1.1 Proefopstelling van het Milgram-experiment......................................................................25
4.1.2 Resultaten van het Milgram-experiment.............................................................................26
4.1.3 Gelijkenissen en verschillen met de Holocaust....................................................................26
4.1.4 Varianten op het basisexperiment.......................................................................................27
4.1.5 Ethische en methodologische bedenkingen........................................................................27
4.2 Waarom gehoorzamen we zo makkelijk?...................................................................................27
4.2.1 Tendens tot groepsvorming.................................................................................................27
4.2.2 Tendens tot hiërarchisering.................................................................................................28
4.2.3 The agentic shift...................................................................................................................28
4.2.4 Psychologische mechanismen tijdens het gehoorzamen.....................................................28
4.2.5 Bindende factoren...............................................................................................................29
5 Hoofdstuk 5: macht en onmacht.......................................................................................................30
5.1 Stanford prison experiment........................................................................................................30
5.1.1 De onderzoeksopzet............................................................................................................30
5.1.2 Start van het experiment.....................................................................................................31
5.1.3 Het verloop van het experiment..........................................................................................32
5.1.4 Besluit..................................................................................................................................33
5.1.5 Kritische bespreking.............................................................................................................33
5.1.6 Aanbevelingen voor de penitentiaire instellingen...............................................................34
5.2 Stockholm-syndroom..................................................................................................................34
5.3 Aangeleerde hulpeloosheid........................................................................................................34
5.3.1 Het begrip ‘aangeleerde hulpeloosheid’..............................................................................34
5.3.2 Het basisexperiment van Martin Seligman..........................................................................35
5.3.3 Uitputting als verklaring?.....................................................................................................35
5.3.4 Aangeleerde vadsigheid.......................................................................................................35
5.3.5 5.3.6 niet kennen!................................................................................................................36
5.3.6 5.3.7. ook niet kennen!........................................................................................................36
5.3.7 5.3.8.....................................................................................................................................36
5.3.8 5.3.9.....................................................................................................................................36
5.3.9 5.3.10. allemaal niet kennen!..............................................................................................36
5.3.10 (On)voorspelbaarheid........................................................................................................36
5.3.11 Subjectieve gedragscontrole..............................................................................................37
5.3.11.1 Plotse-dood-fenomeen...............................................................................................39
6 Hoofdstuk 6: sociale cognitie en sociale perceptie............................................................................40
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, 6.1.1 Selectie in de sociale waarneming.......................................................................................40
6.1.2 We zien niet alles wat er is..................................................................................................40
6.1.3 We zien vaak slechts fracties van gedragingen (momentopnamen)....................................40
6.1.4 We selecteren zelf tussen wat we (willen) zien en wat niet................................................40
6.1.5 We lokken het gedrag uit dat we verwachten te zien..........................................................41
6.2 Interpretatie in de sociale waarneming......................................................................................41
6.2.1 Causale attributie.................................................................................................................41
6.2.1.1 Kelly’s covariatiemodel.................................................................................................42
6.2.2 Causale schema’s.................................................................................................................43
6.2.3 Attributiefouten...................................................................................................................43
6.3 Structurering in de sociale waarneming.....................................................................................44
6.3.1 Impliciete persoonlijkheidstheorieën..................................................................................44
6.3.2 Het seriële positie-effect......................................................................................................45
6.3.2.1 Primacy-effect...............................................................................................................45
6.3.2.2 Het recency-effect........................................................................................................46
7 Hoofdstuk 7: zelfcognitie en zelfperceptie........................................................................................47
7.1 Zelfperceptietheorie (Daryl Bem)...............................................................................................47
7.2 Zelfattributie...............................................................................................................................48
7.2.1 Dimensies van attributie – Weiner.......................................................................................48
7.3 Attributiestijl (Julian Rotter)........................................................................................................48
7.3.1 Beheersingoriëntatie...........................................................................................................48
7.3.2 Persoonlijke en maatschappelijke beheersinsoriëntatie......................................................48
7.4 Sociale activeringstheorie (Zajonc).............................................................................................49
7.4.1 Competitie als verklaring?...................................................................................................49
7.4.2 Sociale activeringstheorie van Zajonc..................................................................................49
7.4.3 Sociale facilitatie en inhibitie bij kakkerlakken: niet kennen!!.............................................50
7.4.4 Evaluatievrees?....................................................................................................................50
7.4.5 Social loafing (sociaal lanterfanten).....................................................................................50
8 Hoofdstuk 8: attitudeleer..................................................................................................................52
8.1 Inleiding......................................................................................................................................52
8.1.1 Het begrip attitude..............................................................................................................52
8.1.2 Tripartite van attitudes........................................................................................................52
8.2 Ontstaan en vervorming van attitudes.......................................................................................52
8.2.1 Cognitieve invloeden...........................................................................................................52
8.2.2 Centrale VS perifere route naar overtuiging........................................................................54
8.2.2.1 Centrale route...............................................................................................................54
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