Unit 3 Cell Respiration Questions & Answers Already Passed!!

Can the complete process of photosynthesis take place in the dark? Explain your answer. - No because the plant will not have the light energy that is needed to carry out photosynthesis. Describe how breathing is controlled. - The force that drives air into the lungs comes from ordinary air pressure and is used to inflate the lungs along with the diaphragm. The air pressure is successful in doing this because the chest cavity is tightly sealed, which creates a partial vacuum inside the cavity. If there is a puncture wound in this area, it may allow air to leak into the chest cavity and make breathing nearly impossible. Since breathing is such an important function, your nervous system will not let you have complete control over it. Even if you hold your breath until you faint, when you faint your body will automatically carry out the process to breath. Describe some of the health problems caused by smoking tobacco. - Smoking can cause respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, emphysema, and lung cancer. Describe the process of cellular respiration. - It is the process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen. The equation is: oxygen + glucose → carbon dioxide + water + energy. Describe the process of photosynthesis, including the reactants and products. - Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy sugars. In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a molecule in chloroplasts. Explain the process of gas exchange in the lungs. - Oxygen dissolves in the moisture on the inner surface of the alveoli and then diffuses across the thin-walled capillaries into the blood. Carbon dioxide in the bloodstream diffuses in the opposite direction, across the membrane of an alveolus and into the air within it. This process is very efficient. How are lactic acid fermentation and alcoholic fermentation similar? How are they different? - The difference between the alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is that the alcohol fermentation, the pyruvate is converted into carbon dioxide and ethanol. It is also use to make wine, beer, and the ethanol in the gasoline to make gasohol. While the lactic acid fermentation, the pyruvate isconverted into lactic acid and not alcohol. The similarity is that they are both chemical reaction which is known as anaerobic respiration. How does the electron transport chain use the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle? - To convert ADP into ATP. How is light energy converted into chemical energy during photosynthesis? - Light is captured by the chlorophyll in the chloroplast of plant cells. After absorption of light energy by chlorophyll, the absorbed energy convert ADP into ATP also NADP into NADPH2. ATP and NADPH2 are the high energy compound, the energy of these compounds is used in the dark phase of photosynthesis to reduce carbon dioxide to form carbohydrates. How is the function of NAD⁺ similar to that of NADP⁺? - The function of NAD⁺ that is similar to that of NADP⁺ is that, in photosynthesis, each NAD⁺ accepts and carries a pair of high-energy electrons. How many molecules of ATP are produced in the entire breakdown of glucose? - 36 molecules when using aerobic respiration, but only 2 when using anaerobic. How well would a plant grow under pure yellow light? Explain your answer. - Since yellow is only weakly absorbed by the pigments, the plant will grow slowly if at all. List in order the structures of the respiratory system through which air passes from the outside to the alveoli. - The nose/mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Name the two main types of fermentation. - Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Summarize the light-dependent reactions. - They produce oxygen gas and convert ADP and NAPD+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH. What are the products of glycolysis? - The first set of reactions in cellular respiration. It is the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3- carbon compound.What happens to pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle? - It is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. What is a calorie? A Calorie? - A calorie is the amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water to 1 Celsius degree. A Calorie is what is put on food labels as a kilocalorie, or 1000 calories. What is the function of NADPH? - To carry high-energy electrons produced by light absorption in chlorophyll to chemical reactions elsewhere in the cell. What reactions make up the Calvin cycle? - It uses ATP and NADPH from the Light-Dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars. Why are light and chlorophyll needed for photosynthesis? - Chlorophyll absorbs the light energy, which is what powers photosynthesis. Why are plants green? - Because chlorophyll doesn't absorb light well in the green region of the spectrum, which causes the green light to bounce off which is why it appears green. Why is cellular respiration considered to be much more efficient than glycolysis alone? - Because glycolysis only produces a net of 2 ATP, while cellular respiration as a whole produces 30+ ATP. A 5 fold difference in energy is why it is so much more efficient.