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Samenvatting Strafprocesrecht

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  • July 2, 2019
  • 131
  • 2018/2019
  • Summary
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Camille De Ridder



INHOUDSOPGAVE

Hoofdstuk 1: definitie............................................................................................................ 10
Bronnen........................................................................................................................................ 10
Definitie ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Materieel vs. formeel strafrecht .................................................................................................... 10
Personen tot wie de regels gericht zijn ................................................................................................................ 10
Inhoud van de regels ............................................................................................................................................ 10
Sanctionering van de schending der regels van respectievelijk materieel en formeel strafrecht ....................... 11

Doelstellingen ............................................................................................................................... 11

Hoofdstuk 2: accusatoir vs. inquisitoir proces ........................................................................ 11
Principe ........................................................................................................................................ 11
Accusatoir = horizontale processtructuur ............................................................................................................ 11
Inquisitoir = verticale processtructuur ................................................................................................................. 12
Common law vs. continentale landen .................................................................................................................. 12

Hoofdstuk 3: verloop van het strafproces .............................................................................. 13
Vooronderzoek ............................................................................................................................. 13
Gerechtelijk onderzoek ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Opsporingsonderzoek .......................................................................................................................................... 14
Wie beslist over de procedure? ........................................................................................................................... 14

Hoe wordt het vooronderzoek afgesloten? .................................................................................... 14
Kenmerken van het vooronderzoek (fase 1) ................................................................................... 15
Geheim karakter .................................................................................................................................................. 15
Niet-tegensprekelijk karakter............................................................................................................................... 16
Schriftelijk karakter .............................................................................................................................................. 17

Kenmerken van het onderzoek ten gronde .................................................................................... 17
Openbaarheid terechtzitting en uitspraak ........................................................................................................... 17
Tegensprekelijk karakter ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Mondeling karakter .............................................................................................................................................. 18

Hoofdstuk 4: actoren in het strafrecht ................................................................................... 19
De verdachte ................................................................................................................................ 19
tijdens het vooronderzoek ................................................................................................................................... 20
Fase ten gronde.................................................................................................................................................... 20
Weerslag op rechten ............................................................................................................................................ 20
Advocaat .............................................................................................................................................................. 21
Lasthebber ad hoc ................................................................................................................................................ 21

Rechtstreeks belanghebbende (art. 21bis Sv.) ................................................................................ 21



1

, Camille De Ridder


Het slachtoffer .............................................................................................................................. 22
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................. 22
Statuut.................................................................................................................................................................. 22

De burgerlijk aansprakelijke partij & tussenkomende partij ........................................................... 23
Burgerlijk aansprakelijke partij (BAP) ................................................................................................................... 23
Tussenkomende partij .......................................................................................................................................... 23

Politie ........................................................................................................................................... 23
Situering ............................................................................................................................................................... 23
Taken .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Statuut.................................................................................................................................................................. 24
Andere diensten ................................................................................................................................................... 24
Toezicht ................................................................................................................................................................ 25

Openbaar ministerie/parket/staande magistratuur ....................................................................... 25
Taken .................................................................................................................................................................... 25
Statuut.................................................................................................................................................................. 26
Overzicht .............................................................................................................................................................. 26
Toezicht ................................................................................................................................................................ 27

Onderzoeksrechter ....................................................................................................................... 27
Situering ............................................................................................................................................................... 27
Taken (art. 56, §1 Sv.)........................................................................................................................................... 27
Statuut.................................................................................................................................................................. 28
Toezicht ................................................................................................................................................................ 28

Onderzoeksgerechten ................................................................................................................... 28
Situering ............................................................................................................................................................... 28
Raadkamer ........................................................................................................................................................... 28
Kamer van Inbeschuldigingstelling (KI) ................................................................................................................ 29

Vonnisgerechten ........................................................................................................................... 29
Taak van vonnisgerechten ................................................................................................................................... 29
Statuut van de rechter ......................................................................................................................................... 29
Toezicht: Hoge Raad Justitie ................................................................................................................................ 30
Indeling van de vonnisgerechten ......................................................................................................................... 30
Samenstelling en bevoegdheid (geen details – grosso modo bekijken) .............................................................. 30

Strafuitvoeringsrechtbank (art. 157 GW) – niet kennen .................................................................. 31
Samenstelling ....................................................................................................................................................... 31
Bevoegdheid ........................................................................................................................................................ 31

Justitieassistenten en -huizen ........................................................................................................ 31
Justitieassistenten ................................................................................................................................................ 31
Justitiehuizen ....................................................................................................................................................... 31

Beleidsorganen in het SPR ............................................................................................................. 32
Minister van justitie (art. 143ter. Ger.W.)............................................................................................................ 32
College van procureurs-generaal ......................................................................................................................... 32



2

, Camille De Ridder


Procureur des konings.......................................................................................................................................... 32
Raad van de PdK’s / Raad van arbeidsauditeurs .................................................................................................. 32

Hoofdstuk 1: algemene begrippen......................................................................................... 33
Begrip ........................................................................................................................................... 33
Art. 6 EVRM .................................................................................................................................. 33

Hoofdstuk 2: toepassingsgebied ............................................................................................ 34
Begrip “strafzaak” ......................................................................................................................... 34
Autonome criteria bepaald door EHRM ............................................................................................................... 34

Begrip “vervolging” ....................................................................................................................... 34
Rechten van verdediging & fasen strafrechtspleging ...................................................................... 34

Hoofdstuk 3: overzicht .......................................................................................................... 35
Recht op toegang tot de rechter .................................................................................................... 35
Betekenis .............................................................................................................................................................. 35
Recht op toegang tot de bevoegde rechter ......................................................................................................... 35
Recht op een onafhankelijke en onpartijdige rechter.......................................................................................... 36

Recht op een eerlijk proces ........................................................................................................... 36
Gelijkheid van wapens (Equality of Arms) ............................................................................................................ 36
Recht op een eerlijke bewijsvoering .................................................................................................................... 37
Onmiddellijkheidsbeginsel ................................................................................................................................... 37

Recht op een openbaar proces ...................................................................................................... 38
Begrip ................................................................................................................................................................... 38
Interne openbaarheid (t.a.v. de verdachte) ......................................................................................................... 38
Externe openbaarheid (t.a.v. publieke opinie) ..................................................................................................... 39

Recht op behandeling van de zaak binnen een redelijke termijn ..................................................... 39
Begrip ................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Doelstelling........................................................................................................................................................... 39
Verschil met verjaring van de stafvordering ........................................................................................................ 39
Aanvang................................................................................................................................................................ 39
Eindpunt ............................................................................................................................................................... 39
Drie beoordelingscriteria (EHRM) ........................................................................................................................ 40
Rechtsgevolgen van overschrijden redelijke termijn ........................................................................................... 40

Recht niet gedwongen te worden tegen zichzelf te getuigen / verbod van gedwongen
zelfincriminatie ............................................................................................................................. 42
Principe ................................................................................................................................................................ 42
Kort overzicht ....................................................................................................................................................... 42
Toepassingen ....................................................................................................................................................... 43
Zwijgrecht in België .............................................................................................................................................. 43

Vermoeden van onschuld .............................................................................................................. 43



3

, Camille De Ridder


Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
In dubio pro reo ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Bewijslast ............................................................................................................................................................. 44
Uitspraak over de grond van de zaak ................................................................................................................... 44
Materieel strafrecht ............................................................................................................................................. 44

Recht op verdediging (art. 6.3 EVRM) ............................................................................................ 45
Recht op informatie over de beschuldigingen (art. 6.3.A) ................................................................................... 45
Recht op voldoende tijd en faciliteiten ter voorbereiding van de verdediging (art. 6.3.B) ................................. 45
Recht zichzelf te verdedigen of de bijstand te hebben van een raadsman (art. 6.3.C) ....................................... 46
Recht getuigen te (doen) ondervragen (art. 6.3.D) .............................................................................................. 47
Recht op kosteloze bijstand van een tolk (art. 6.3.E) ........................................................................................... 48
Recht op hoger beroep (in strafzaken) ................................................................................................................ 49
Recht op een effectief rechtsmiddel (art. 13 EVRM) ........................................................................................... 49
Ne bis in idem....................................................................................................................................................... 49

Hoofdstuk 4: andere grondrechten ........................................................................................ 50
Recht op persoonlijke vrijheid (art. 5 EVRM) .................................................................................. 50
Recht op de eerbiediging van de private levenssfeer (art. 8 EVRM) ................................................. 50

Hoofdstuk 1: de strafvordering.............................................................................................. 51
Principe ........................................................................................................................................ 51
Wie oefent de strafvordering uit? (supra) ...................................................................................... 51
Wijze waarop de strafvordering wordt uitgeoefend ....................................................................... 52
Beleid inzake de strafvordering............................................................................................................................ 52
Vervolging ............................................................................................................................................................ 52
Niet-vervolging (seponering) ............................................................................................................................... 53
Alternatieve afhandeling ...................................................................................................................................... 54

Tegen wie strafvordering uitoefenen? ........................................................................................... 58
Principe ................................................................................................................................................................ 58
Immuniteiten – grote lijnen kennen .................................................................................................................... 58
Bijzondere procedures – grote lijnen kennen ...................................................................................................... 59

Prejudiciële vragen en geschillen ................................................................................................... 60
Principe ................................................................................................................................................................ 60

Verval van strafvordering .............................................................................................................. 60
Hoofdstuk in de voorafgaande titel over verval van strafvordering .................................................................... 60
Minnelijke schikking of bemiddeling in strafzaken .............................................................................................. 60
Opheffing of vernietiging van de strafwet (art. 2, al. 2 Sw.) ................................................................................ 60
Amnestie .............................................................................................................................................................. 60
Dood van de verdachte ........................................................................................................................................ 61
Verjaring van de strafvordering (art. 21-25 V.T.Sv.) ............................................................................................ 61
Het rechterlijk gewijsde (ne bis in idem) .............................................................................................................. 64
Buitengerechtelijke afhandeling – grote lijnen (zie supra) .................................................................................. 65



4

, Camille De Ridder


Hoofdstuk 2: de burgerlijke vordering ................................................................................... 66
Principe ........................................................................................................................................ 66
Door wie? ..................................................................................................................................... 66
Tegen wie? ................................................................................................................................... 66
Wanneer? ..................................................................................................................................... 67
Voorwerp van de burgerlijke vordering ......................................................................................... 67
Hoe? ............................................................................................................................................. 67
Le criminel tient le civil en état ...................................................................................................... 68
Burgerlijke vordering voor de strafgerechten ................................................................................. 69
Verval van de burgerlijke vordering ............................................................................................... 69
Slachtofferfonds ........................................................................................................................... 70

Hoofdstuk 1: wijze waarop het onderzoek gevoerd wordt ..................................................... 71
Opsporing en vaststelling van misdrijven ....................................................................................... 71
Hoe komen misdrijven aan het licht? ............................................................................................. 71
Opsporing en vaststelling (prof gaat hier meteen over – zie supra) ................................................. 72

Hoofdstuk 2: personen belast met de opsporing en vaststelling van misdrijven ...................... 74
Algemene beginselen .................................................................................................................... 74
De leidinggevende magistraten ..................................................................................................... 74
De politiediensten......................................................................................................................... 74

Hoofdstuk 3: het opsporingsonderzoek ................................................................................. 74
Begrip ........................................................................................................................................... 74
Heterdaadprocedure (zie schema) ................................................................................................. 74
Proactieve recherche .................................................................................................................... 75
Bijzondere opsporingsmethoden (BOM) ........................................................................................ 75
Observatie (art. 47sexies, §1 Sv.) ......................................................................................................................... 77
Infiltratie (art. 47octies, §1 Sv.) ............................................................................................................................ 77
Burgerinfiltratie (art. 47novies/1-3 Sv.) ............................................................................................................... 78
Informantenwerking (art. 47decies, §1 Sv.) ......................................................................................................... 78
Andere onderzoeksmethoden ............................................................................................................................. 79
Politionele onderzoekstechnieken ....................................................................................................................... 79

Het “kaalpluk”-onderzoek (art. 524bis Sv.)..................................................................................... 80
Afsluiting van het opsporingsonderzoek ........................................................................................ 81



5

, Camille De Ridder


Het gerechtelijk onderzoek.................................................................................................... 82
Begrip ........................................................................................................................................... 82
Taakomschrijving van de onderzoeksrechter.................................................................................. 82
Saisine van de onderzoeksrechter.................................................................................................. 82
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................. 82
Hoe? ..................................................................................................................................................................... 83
omvang van de saisine ......................................................................................................................................... 84
Gevolgen van de saisine ....................................................................................................................................... 84

Verhouding OR/PdK ...................................................................................................................... 85
Geen parallelle onderzoeken ............................................................................................................................... 85
Vorderingen van de PdK ....................................................................................................................................... 85
Rechtsmiddelen.................................................................................................................................................... 85

Rechten inverdenkinggestelde en BP ............................................................................................. 86
Inzage/kopie strafdossier ..................................................................................................................................... 86
Strafrechtelijk kortgeding..................................................................................................................................... 87
Bijkomende onderzoekshandelingen ................................................................................................................... 88

Afsluiting van het gerechtelijk onderzoek ...................................................................................... 88
Regeling der rechtspleging ................................................................................................................................... 88
Chronologie .......................................................................................................................................................... 88
Procedure voor de Raadkamer (art. 127 Sv.) ....................................................................................................... 89
Mogelijke beslissingen van de Raadkamer .......................................................................................................... 90
Rechtsmiddelen.................................................................................................................................................... 91

Controle door de KI ....................................................................................................................... 93
Ambtshalve toezicht op gerechtelijk onderzoek (art. 136 Sv.) ............................................................................ 93
Toezicht langdurige onderzoeken (< 1 jaar) ......................................................................................................... 93
Toezicht regelmatigheid van de rechtspleging .................................................................................................... 94
Toezicht langdurige voorhechtenis( art. 136ter Sv.) ............................................................................................ 94
zuivering der nietigheden (zie supra) ................................................................................................................... 94

Deel 3: onderzoeksverrichtingen ........................................................................................... 95
Algemeen ............................................................................................................................................................. 95
Opnemen van klachten en aangiften ................................................................................................................... 95
Identiteitscontroles en gegevensbestanden ........................................................................................................ 95
Plaatsbezoek ........................................................................................................................................................ 95
Observatie ............................................................................................................................................................ 95
Ondervraging/verhoor verdachte (art. 47bis Sv. en art. 2bis WVH) .................................................................... 96

Inverdenkingstelling van de verdachte........................................................................................... 99
Principe (art. 61bis Sv.)......................................................................................................................................... 99

Getuigenverhoor (art. 47bis Sv.) .................................................................................................. 100
Kennisgevingsverplichting .................................................................................................................................. 100
Getuigenverhoor binnen opsporingsonderzoek ................................................................................................ 100



6

, Camille De Ridder


Getuigenverhoor binnen gerechtelijk onderzoek .............................................................................................. 100
Anonieme getuigen ............................................................................................................................................ 101
Anonieme tip ...................................................................................................................................................... 101
Bedreigde getuigen (prof gaat hier zeer snel over: “lees artikelen eens” ......................................................... 101
Medewerkers van het gerecht (zie supra: spijtoptanten) .................................................................................. 102
Verhoor m.b.v. audiovisuele media ................................................................................................................... 102

Inwinnen bankgegevens (art. 46quater Sv.) ................................................................................. 102
Deskundigenonderzoek ............................................................................................................... 102
DNA-onderzoek .......................................................................................................................... 103
Inobservatiestelling..................................................................................................................... 103
Fouillering................................................................................................................................... 103
Onderzoek aan het lichaam (art. 90bis Sv.) .................................................................................. 103
Huiszoeking ................................................................................................................................ 103
Andere “zoekingen” .................................................................................................................... 105
Inkijkoperatie (art. 46quinquies en 89ter Sv.) ............................................................................... 105
Inbeslagneming (art. 37-38 Sv.) ................................................................................................... 106
Databeslag en netwerkzoeking .................................................................................................... 106
Uitgestelde tussenkomst (art. 40bis Sv.) ...................................................................................... 107
Schending briefgeheim ................................................................................................................ 107
Identificatie telefoonnumers en lokaliseren van telecommunicatie .............................................. 107
Afluisteren van privé-communicatie ............................................................................................ 108
Bijzondere opsporingsmethoden ................................................................................................. 109
Voorlopige maatregelen rechtspersonen ..................................................................................... 109
Beknopt voorlichtingsrapport en maatschappelijke enquête ........................................................ 109
Snelle bevriezing en onthulling van gegevens op verzoek van een derde staat .............................. 109

Hoofdstuk 6: de voorlopige hechtenis .................................................................................. 110
Algemene beginselen .................................................................................................................. 110
Begrip en bronnen ............................................................................................................................................. 110
Kenmerken ......................................................................................................................................................... 110

Arrestatie (art. 1 en 2 WVH) ........................................................................................................ 111
bevel tot medebrenging (art. 3-4 WVH en art. 40 Sv.)................................................................... 111
Aanhoudingsbevel (art. 16 WVH) ................................................................................................. 112
verbod van vrij verkeer (art. 20, §2 WVH) .................................................................................... 112


7

, Camille De Ridder


Opheffing van het aanhoudingsbevel (art. 25 WVH) ..................................................................... 113
Aanhoudingsbevel t.a.v. een in vrijheid gelaten of gestelde verdachte (art. 28 WVH) .................... 113
Rechterlijk toezicht op de voorlopige hechtenis ........................................................................... 113
Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................................... 113
Art. 5 EVRM ....................................................................................................................................................... 113
Rechtsmiddelen tegen het aanhoudingsbevel ................................................................................................... 113
Handhaving van het aanhoudingsbevel door de Raadkamer ............................................................................ 114
Na de regeling der rechtspleging: verzoek tot voorlopige invrijheidsstelling .................................................... 114
Onmiddelijke aanhouding ter terechtzitting (VH en beslissing ten gronde) ...................................................... 115

Alternatieven voor de voorlopige hechtenis................................................................................. 115
Algemeen ........................................................................................................................................................... 115
Vrijheid en invrijheidstelling onder voorwaarden (art. 35 e.v. WVH) ................................................................ 115
Vrijheid of invrijheidstelling met borgsom (art. 35, §4 WVH) ............................................................................ 115
Elektronisch toezicht .......................................................................................................................................... 115

Onwerkzame hechtenis ............................................................................................................... 116
Onrechtmatige hechtenis................................................................................................................................... 116
Onwerkdadige hechtenis ................................................................................................................................... 116

Inleiding ..................................................................................................................................... 116
Bevoegdheid in strafzaken .......................................................................................................... 116
Saisine vonnisgerechten .............................................................................................................. 117
Aanhangigmaking bij de bodemrechter ............................................................................................................. 117
Omvang van de saisine ....................................................................................................................................... 118
Gevolgen van de saisine ..................................................................................................................................... 118

Rechtspleging vonnisgerechten ................................................................................................... 118
Verschijning der partijen .................................................................................................................................... 118
Voorlezing van de PV’s door de griffier .............................................................................................................. 118
eigenlijke onderzoek ter terechtzitting .............................................................................................................. 119
Conclusietermijnen in strafzaken (art. 152 Sv. – zie ook art. 4 V.T.Sv.) ............................................................. 119
Eis van de burgerlijke partij ................................................................................................................................ 120
Vordering van het OM........................................................................................................................................ 120
Verdediging van de beklaagde ........................................................................................................................... 120
Replieken ............................................................................................................................................................ 120
Beraadslaging ..................................................................................................................................................... 120
Het vonnis (of arrest) ......................................................................................................................................... 120

Het strafrechtelijk uitvoeringsonderzoek / SUO (art. 464 Sv.) ....................................................... 122
Bewijs in strafzaken .................................................................................................................... 122
Bewijsvoering ..................................................................................................................................................... 122
Bewijsmiddelen .................................................................................................................................................. 123
Sanctie vóór Antigoon ........................................................................................................................................ 123
antigoon-doctrine .............................................................................................................................................. 124
Bewijswaardering ............................................................................................................................................... 125


8

, Camille De Ridder


Rechtsmiddelen .......................................................................................................................... 126
Inleiding .............................................................................................................................................................. 126
Verzet ................................................................................................................................................................. 127
Hoger beroep ..................................................................................................................................................... 129
Voorziening in Cassatie – grote lijnen kennen ................................................................................................... 131




9

, Camille De Ridder



STRAFPROCESRECHT – 2018-2019
HOOFDSTUK 1: DEFINITIE

BRONNEN

• Wetboek van Strafvordering
• Gerechtelijk wetboek
• Wet op de Voorlopige Hechtenis
• EVRM

DEFINITIE

• Strafprocesrecht = formeel strafrecht = strafrechtspleging = strafvordering
• De praktische toepassing van het materieel strafrecht kan slechts worden gerealiseerd via het
strafprocesrecht
• Geheel der rechtsregels betreffende de opsporing, vervolging en berechting van personen die ervan
verdacht worden een misdrijf te hebben gepleegd

MATERIEEL VS. FORMEEL STRAFRECHT


PERSONEN TOT WIE DE REGELS GERICHT ZIJN

• Materieel strafrecht: hele bevolking (burgers + overheid)
• Formeel strafrecht:
o Overheid (politie, magistratuur) – proces tussen de gemeenschap (vertegenwoordigd door het OM)
en de verdachte
o Burger (verdachte, getuige, diegene bij wie een OZM wordt uitgevoerd, slachtoffer)


INHOUD VAN DE REGELS

• Materieel strafrecht: regels zijn “vanzelfsprekend”
o Beschermt een aantal fundamentele waarden
o Rechtsfiguren spreken voor zich omdat ze het algemeen juridisch rechtsgevoel vertolken
• Formeel strafrecht: regels hebben niet de vanzelfsprekendheid van het materieel strafrecht
o Spelregels voor de overheid waarover gediscussieerd kan worden
o Burgers zijn hier niet vertrouwd mee, maar is wel belangrijk in het licht van de democratie
o Berusten vaak op het onderling afwegen van verschillende belangen (waarheidsvinding en de
bescherming van fundamentele rechten van eenieder)




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