,1. What is the primary role of buffers in the human body?
A) To provide structural support to cells
B) To maintain enzyme activity
C) To regulate pH levels
D) To transport oxygen
Answer: C) To regulate pH levels
Rationale: Buffers are crucial in maintaining the pH levels in the blood
and other bodily fluids, which is essential for the proper functioning of
enzymes and metabolic processes.
2. Which element is most essential for the formation of hemoglobin?
A) Iron
B) Calcium
C) Potassium
D) Magnesium
Answer: A) Iron
Rationale: Iron is a key component of hemoglobin, the protein in red
blood cells that binds to oxygen and transports it throughout the body.
3. In the context of acid-base balance, what does the term 'pKa' refer to?
A) The pH at which a chemical is neutral
, B) The pH at which half of a substance is ionized
C) The pH at which a reaction is most rapid
D) The pH at which a buffer capacity is at its maximum
Answer: B) The pH at which half of a substance is ionized
Rationale: The pKa is the pH at which an acid is half dissociated, which
is important in understanding how drugs and other substances will
behave in the body.
4. What is the role of catalysts in biochemical reactions?
A) To increase the temperature of the reaction
B) To decrease the reaction rate
C) To lower the activation energy of the reaction
D) To act as a reactant
Answer: C) To lower the activation energy of the reaction
Rationale: Catalysts speed up biochemical reactions by lowering the
activation energy, allowing the reaction to proceed more quickly at body
temperature.
5. How does a decrease in blood pH affect hemoglobin's affinity for
oxygen?
A) Increases affinity
B) Decreases affinity
C) Does not affect affinity
, D) Variable effect on affinity
Answer: B) Decreases affinity
Rationale: A decrease in blood pH, which indicates increased acidity,
reduces hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen, thus facilitating oxygen release
to tissues.
6. Which type of chemical bond is primarily responsible for the three-
dimensional shape of proteins?
A) Ionic bonds
B) Covalent bonds
C) Hydrogen bonds
D) Van der Waals forces
Answer: C) Hydrogen bonds
Rationale: Hydrogen bonds are critical in maintaining the secondary
and tertiary structures of proteins, which determine their function.
7. What is the significance of the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation in
nursing?
A) It predicts the solubility of medications
B) It calculates the pH of buffer solutions
C) It determines the strength of acids and bases
D) It measures the concentration of plasma proteins
Answer: B) It calculates the pH of buffer solutions
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