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Samenvatting Bestuurskunde

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Samenvatting Bestuurskunde voor de politieke wetenschappen - Onderricht door A. Hondeghem. Opgenomen in de samenvatting: boek en slides. Bevat tevens een goed gestructureerde inhoudstafel ter ondersteuning. De samenvatting is geschreven in een doorlopende en samenhangende tekst, niet in puntjes, om...

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  • July 7, 2019
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Samenvatting Bestuurswetenschappen Maxime Lermyte 2018-2019




BESTUURSWETENSCHAPPEN
CALUWAERTS
2018-2019




LES 1: DE BESTUURLIJKE CONTEXT...................................................................................................10



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,Samenvatting Bestuurswetenschappen Maxime Lermyte 2018-2019


H1: Introductie tot de bestuurskunde: Sferen in de samenleving....................................................11
2. Vier sferen vanuit het individu bekeken.......................................................................................11
2.1 De sfeer van de gemeenschappen..........................................................................................11
2.2 De sfeer van de staat..............................................................................................................12
2.3 De sfeer van de markt.............................................................................................................12
2.4 De sfeer van de civil society....................................................................................................13
2.5 De staat en de andere sferen..................................................................................................13
2.6 De markt en de andere sferen................................................................................................14
2.7 Tijd en ruimte: de context maakt en verklaart verschil...........................................................14
2.8 Basistermen............................................................................................................................14
3. Governance: arrangementen voor besturing...............................................................................15
H3: Publieke versus private organisaties.........................................................................................15
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................16
2. Publieke en private invloedsferen................................................................................................16
2.1 Publiek en privaat domein......................................................................................................16
2.2 Publieke en private goederen: het klassiek liberaal-economische onderscheid.....................16
2.2.1 Marktwerking is niet mogelijk..........................................................................................17
2.2.2 Imperfecte marktwerking wegens externaliteiten...........................................................17
3. Publieke en private organisaties...................................................................................................18
3.1 Multidimensionale modellen..................................................................................................18
3.2 Gevolgen van het publiek zijn.................................................................................................19
3.3 Vormen van dienstverlening...................................................................................................20
3.3.1 Dienstverlening via het overheidsapparaat.....................................................................20
3.3.2 Dienstverlening door niet-overheidsorganisaties............................................................21
3.3.3 Afwegingen bij de keuze voor een dienstverleningsvorm................................................21
4. Stereotypen over de overheid......................................................................................................22
5. Publiek/privaat: een doorlaatbare grens......................................................................................22
H4: Maatschappij, bestuur en bestuurskunde: een historische schets.............................................23
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................23
2. Een driehoek van wederzijdse beïnvloeding.................................................................................23
3. De nachtwakersstaat (1800-1870)................................................................................................24
3.1 Maatschappelijke condities....................................................................................................24
3.2 Rol van de overheid................................................................................................................24
3.3 Bestuurskunde........................................................................................................................25
4. De Infrastructuurstaat (1870-1919)..............................................................................................26
4.1 Maatschappelijke condities....................................................................................................26


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,Samenvatting Bestuurswetenschappen Maxime Lermyte 2018-2019


4.2 Rol van de overheid................................................................................................................27
4.3 Bestuurskunde........................................................................................................................27
5. De welvaartstaat (1919-1976)......................................................................................................28
5.1 Maatschappelijke condities....................................................................................................29
5.2 Rol van de overheid................................................................................................................29
5.3 Bestuurskunde........................................................................................................................30
6. De ondernemende staat (1973-2000)...........................................................................................31
6.1 Maatschappelijke condities....................................................................................................31
6.2 Rol van de overheid................................................................................................................31
6.3 Bestuurskunde........................................................................................................................32
7. De netwerkstaat (2000 - …)..........................................................................................................33
7.1 Maatschappelijke condities....................................................................................................33
7.2 Rol van de overheid................................................................................................................34
7.3 Bestuurskunde........................................................................................................................34
LES 2: BESTUURLIJKE PROCESSEN....................................................................................................36
H5: Van bureaucratie over New Public Management naar New Public Governance........................36
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................36
2. Het bureaucratisch organisatiemodel...........................................................................................36
2.1 De Weberiaanse bureaucratie................................................................................................37
2.2 Kenmerken en voordelen van de bureaucratie.......................................................................39
2.3 Kritiek op het bureaucratiemodel...........................................................................................40
2.3.1 Een bestuurssociologische visie op de bureaucratie........................................................40
2.3.2 Een economische visie op de bureaucratie......................................................................41
3. Het New Public Management.......................................................................................................42
3.1 Het ontstaan van het NPM.....................................................................................................43
3.2 Kenmerken van het NPM........................................................................................................44
3.3 Variaties in NPM-hervormingen.............................................................................................45
3.4 Impact van het NPM...............................................................................................................46
3.5 Dysfuncties van het NPM........................................................................................................47
3.6 Bijsturingen van het NPM.......................................................................................................48
4. Het New Public Governance.........................................................................................................48
5. Besluit...........................................................................................................................................49
Extra hoofdstuk: Verzelfstandiging van publieke diensten..............................................................50
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................50
2. Decentralisatie en verzelfstandiging: een conceptuele afbakening..............................................50
2.1 Verzelfstandiging als vorm van administratieve decentralisatie.............................................50


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,Samenvatting Bestuurswetenschappen Maxime Lermyte 2018-2019


2.1.1 Situering...........................................................................................................................51
2.1.2 Definitie...........................................................................................................................51
2.1.3 Verzelfstandiging in een continuüm van organisatievormen...........................................51
3. Situering van verzelfstandiging.....................................................................................................52
4. De kernvariabelen van verzelfstandiging......................................................................................53
4.1 Autonomie: een veelzijdig begrip...........................................................................................54
4.2 Sturing en controle.................................................................................................................55
5. Redenen voor verzelfstandiging?..................................................................................................55
6. Vormen van verzelfstandiging......................................................................................................56
6.1 Interne verzelfstandiging........................................................................................................56
6.2 Externe verzelfstandiging........................................................................................................56
6.3 Keuzecriteria...........................................................................................................................56
7. Verzelfstandiging van publieke dienstverlening in Vlaanderen en België.....................................57
8. Aandachtspunten bij verzelfstandiging.........................................................................................58
8.1 Coördinatie en samenwerking als aandachtspunt..................................................................58
H9: Regulering.................................................................................................................................59
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................59
2. Het concept regulering.................................................................................................................60
2.1 Definities van regulering.........................................................................................................60
2.2 Waarom reguleren?................................................................................................................61
2.2.1 Economische motieven....................................................................................................61
2.2.2 Public interest motieven..................................................................................................62
2.2.3 Positivistische economische theorie................................................................................63
2.3 Reguleren voor en door verschillende actoren.......................................................................63
2.4 Stijlen van reguleren...............................................................................................................64
2.4.1 Command and control.....................................................................................................64
2.4.2 Zelfregulering...................................................................................................................64
2.4.3 Slimme regulering............................................................................................................65
2.5 Evaluatie van de werking........................................................................................................66
3. Evoluties in economische regulering............................................................................................66
3.1 De regulerende staat..............................................................................................................66
3.2 Privatisering en liberalisering..................................................................................................67
4. Regulerende agentschappen en regulerende constellaties..........................................................68
4.1 Regulerende agentschappen..................................................................................................68
4.1.1 Ontstaan..........................................................................................................................68
4.1.2 Economische motieven....................................................................................................68


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,Samenvatting Bestuurswetenschappen Maxime Lermyte 2018-2019


4.1.3 Kritiek...............................................................................................................................69
4.2 Multiactor regulering en regulerende constellaties................................................................69
4.2.1 Vier assen van coördinatie...............................................................................................69
4.2.2 Competitie of samenwerking tussen actoren..................................................................70
LES 3: BESTUURSNIVEAUS...............................................................................................................71
H6: De federale overheid.................................................................................................................71
2. Bevoegdheden van de federale overheid.....................................................................................71
3. De politiek-bestuurlijke instellingen van de federale overheid.....................................................72
3.1 De wetgevende macht............................................................................................................72
3.2 De uitvoerende macht............................................................................................................73
3.3 Andere instellingen.................................................................................................................74
3.3.1 De Raad van State............................................................................................................74
3.3.2 Het Grondwettelijk Hof....................................................................................................75
3.3.3 Het Rekenhof...................................................................................................................76
3.3.4 De Federale Ombudsman................................................................................................76
4. De administratieve instellingen van de federale overheid............................................................77
4.1 De Copernicushervorming......................................................................................................77
4.2 De Federale en Programmatorische Overheidsdiensten........................................................79
4.3 De Federale Wetenschappelijke Instellingen..........................................................................80
4.4 De Openbare Instellingen van Sociale Zekerheid....................................................................80
4.5 Andere openbare instellingen.................................................................................................81
5. De federale overheidsbedrijven....................................................................................................81
5.1 De NMBS-groep......................................................................................................................82
5.2 Bpost.......................................................................................................................................82
5.3 Proximus.................................................................................................................................83
5.4 Belgocontrol...........................................................................................................................83
H7: De regionale overheid: Vlaamse overheid.................................................................................84
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................84
2. Historisch overzicht: Vlaanderen in de staatshervorming............................................................84
3. Bevoegdheden van de Vlaamse overheid.....................................................................................85
3.1 De bevoegdheden van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap.................................................................86
3.2 De bevoegdheden van de gewesten.......................................................................................86
3.3 De bedrieglijke eenvoud van het onderscheid........................................................................86
4. De politiek-bestuurlijke instellingen.............................................................................................86
4.1 Wetgevende macht................................................................................................................86
4.2 Uitvoerende macht.................................................................................................................88


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,Samenvatting Bestuurswetenschappen Maxime Lermyte 2018-2019


4.2.1 De Vlaamse Regering.......................................................................................................88
4.2.2 De kabinetten..................................................................................................................89
5. De Vlaamse financiële middelen...................................................................................................89
6. Administratieve instellingen.........................................................................................................89
6.1 Departementen......................................................................................................................89
6.2 Agentschappen.......................................................................................................................90
6.2.1 Intern verzelfstandigde agentschappen (IVA)..................................................................90
6.2.2 Extern verzelfstandigde agentschappen (EVA)................................................................90
6.3 Andere Vlaamse instellingen..................................................................................................91
6.3.1 Vlaamse Radio- en Televisieomroep (VRT)......................................................................91
6.4 Sturingsinstrumenten.............................................................................................................91
6.5 De beleidsraad........................................................................................................................92
6.6 Het managementcomité.........................................................................................................92
6.7 Het voorzitterscollege.............................................................................................................92
6.8 Het adviesstelsel en de strategische adviesraden...................................................................93
7. Personeelsmiddelen van de Vlaamse overheid............................................................................93
8. De Vlaamse administratie: de holding Vlaanderen.......................................................................93
H8: De lokale besturen....................................................................................................................94
1. Inleiding........................................................................................................................................95
2. Lokale besturen in België..............................................................................................................95
2.1 Lokale besturen en de staatshervorming................................................................................95
2.2 Aantal en soorten lokale besturen..........................................................................................96
2.3 Lokale autonomie versus centraal toezicht............................................................................96
2.3.1 Autonomie en medebewind............................................................................................97
2.3.2 Toezicht...........................................................................................................................98
2.4 Lokale inkomsten en uitgaven................................................................................................98
2.4.1 De inkomsten...................................................................................................................98
2.4.2 De uitgaven....................................................................................................................100
2.5 De provinciale besturen en de provinciale autonomie.........................................................100
3. Politieke organisatie van de Vlaamse lokale besturen................................................................100
3.1 De verkozen raden................................................................................................................100
3.2 Uitvoerende macht...............................................................................................................101
4. De administratieve organisatie van de Vlaamse lokale besturen...............................................102
4.1 De gemeentelijke ambtenaren en de ambtelijke organisatie...............................................103
4.2 New Public Management op lokaal niveau...........................................................................104
4.3 Beleids- en beheerscyclus.....................................................................................................104


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,Samenvatting Bestuurswetenschappen Maxime Lermyte 2018-2019


4.4 Personeel en personeelsbeleid.............................................................................................105
4.5 Gemeenten in netwerkverbanden........................................................................................105
5. Andere lokale actoren................................................................................................................105
5.1 OCMW’s................................................................................................................................105
5.2 Intergemeentelijke samenwerkingsverbanden.....................................................................106
5.3 Politiezones en hulpverleningszones....................................................................................107
6. De lokale besturen in het binnenlands bestuur..........................................................................108
6.1 Het lokaal bestuurssysteem in Vlaanderen...........................................................................108
6.2 Centralisatie versus decentralisatie......................................................................................108
LES 4: BESTUURLIJKE ACTOREN......................................................................................................109
H10: Politiek-ambtelijke verhoudingen.........................................................................................109
1. Inleiding......................................................................................................................................109
2. Klassieke dichotomie: vaak het uitgangspunt en de norm..........................................................109
2.1 Wilson en Weber..................................................................................................................109
2.2 Voorbij de dichotomie..........................................................................................................110
3. Politiek-ambtelijke verhoudingen in België in de praktijk...........................................................112
3.1 Hoe wordt men ambtenaar?.................................................................................................112
3.2 Politieke benoemingen.........................................................................................................114
3.3 Ministeriële kabinetten.........................................................................................................115
4. Theoretische modellen in de bestuurskunde..............................................................................117
4.1 Aberbach, Putnam en Rockman: Beelden van politiek ambtelijke relaties...........................117
4.2 Svara: Roltyperingen.............................................................................................................118
4.3 Peters: Systeemtyperingen...................................................................................................118
4.4 Public Service Bargain (PSB)..................................................................................................119
5. Politiek-ambtelijke verhoudingen: de contextuele factoren.......................................................120
5.1 Kenmerken van politieke systemen......................................................................................120
5.2 Settings.................................................................................................................................120
5.3 Beroepsbeelden en persoonlijke eigenschappen.................................................................121
5.4 Beleidsuitvoerders maken keuzes.........................................................................................121
H11: Bestuur en burger..................................................................................................................122
1. Inleiding......................................................................................................................................122
2. Burger en bestuur: zicht op een complexe relatie......................................................................122
2.1 Vertrouwen...........................................................................................................................122
2.2 Exit, voice en loyalty.............................................................................................................123
2.2.1 Voice..............................................................................................................................123
2.2.2 Exit.................................................................................................................................123


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, Samenvatting Bestuurswetenschappen Maxime Lermyte 2018-2019


2.2.3 Loyalty............................................................................................................................124
2.3 Maatschappelijke trends: individualisering en informalisering.............................................124
3. Nieuwe rollen voor de burger.....................................................................................................125
3.1 De burger in verschillende rollen..........................................................................................125
3.2 Politieke opvattingen over burgerrollen...............................................................................125
4. Burgers als klanten.....................................................................................................................125
4.1 Klagende klanten..................................................................................................................125
4.2 Kiezende klanten..................................................................................................................125
5. Rechts en belangenbescherming................................................................................................126
5.1 Openbaar onderzoek en bezwaarschriften...........................................................................126
5.2 Openbaarheid van bestuur...................................................................................................127
6. Burgers als adviseurs, participanten en co-creanten..................................................................128
6.1 Een participatieladder...........................................................................................................128
6.2 De adviesraden.....................................................................................................................129
6.3 Referendum en volksraadpleging.........................................................................................130
6.4 Cocreatie en autonome burgerinitiatieven...........................................................................130
6.4.1 Cocreatie........................................................................................................................130
6.4.2 Autonome burgerinitiatieven.........................................................................................131
6.5 Enkele beschouwingen over participatie..............................................................................131
H12: Bestuur en maatschappelijk middenveld...............................................................................133
1. Inleiding en begripsbepaling.......................................................................................................133
2. Begripsbepaling..........................................................................................................................133
2.1 De verzuiling en de omvang van het maatschappelijk middenveld......................................133
2.2 Het middenveld: een poging tot definitie.............................................................................134
3. Het middenveld ontrafeld: een huis met vele kamers................................................................135
3.1 De non-profit sector.............................................................................................................135
3.2 Ledenverenigingen...............................................................................................................135
3.3 Belangenorganisaties............................................................................................................136
3.4 Nieuwe burgerinitiatieven....................................................................................................136
4. Het middenveld: drie belangrijke maatschappelijke rollen........................................................136
4.1 Belangenverdediging en beleidsbeïnvloeding.......................................................................137
4.1.1 Insider strategieën.........................................................................................................138
4.1.2 Outsider strategieën......................................................................................................138
4.1.3 Collectieve strategieën..................................................................................................139
4.2 Beleidsuitvoering: het leveren van publieke diensten..........................................................139




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