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UNMC Patho 2 Exam 1 (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Carcinogenesis, Renal).
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UNMC Patho 2 Exam 1 (Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas, Carcinogenesis, Renal).
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UNMC Patho 2 Exam 1 (Liver, Gallbladder,Pancreas, Carcinogenesis, Renal)
The process of taking in and using food for growth, repair, and maintenance of the body
includes ingestion, digestion, absorption, and metabolism - ANS-nutrition
Inflammation - ANS-adaptive response of the body to injury or illness
How many functions is the liver responsible for? - ANS-about 500
lobule - ANS-functional unit of the liver
hepatocyte - ANS-liver cells that produce and secrete bile
bile - ANS-stimulates peristalsis and breaks down fats in intestine
canaliculus - ANS-channels between hepatocytes that drain bile into the
common bile duct then into the duodenum and gall bladder
hepatic artery - ANS-carries oxygenated blood into liver
portal vein - ANS-carries unoxygenated blood that is high in nutrients
(from draining venous blood from all GI organs) into the liver; thus
provides energy for liver function
sinusoid - ANS-capillaries between hepatocytes, carry blood to hepatic vein
Kupffer cells - ANS-line sinusoids, cells which act as macrophages to destroy old
WBCs, RBCs, and bacteria
hepatic vein - ANS-carries blood from sinusoids to the inferior vena cava
metabolism of bile steps - ANS-1. Old erythrocytes (RBCs) break down in bloodstream
2. Heme breakdown produces bilirubin in blood (unconjugated = fat soluble only)
3. Bilirubin circulates through liver and is conjugated in the hepatocytes (conjugated =
water soluble only)
,4. Conjugated bilirubin leaves liver (orange/yellow bile) via bile/hepatic duct
5. Excreted into duodenum, converted to urobilinogen (gives stool brown color)
6. Excreted via feces
conjugated - ANS-water soluble only
unconjugated - ANS-fat soluble only
Why does bilirubin need to be conjugated? - ANS-UNconjugated bilirubin is fat-soluble,
so would be reabsorbed in the duodenum, NOT excreted
Conjugated bilirubin is water-soluble, so it will be excreted in the feces
What lab test detects UNconjugated Bilirubin? - ANS-indirect
What lab test detects Conjugated Bilirubin? - ANS-direct
urobilinogen - ANS-gives stool its brown color
bile contains - ANS-water
electrolytes
bile acids
cholesterol
bilirubin
how much bile does an adult produce a day? - ANS-400-800mL
Jaundice - ANS-symptom of liver disease caused by hyperbilirubinemia
why does skin appear yellow with jaundice? - ANS-deposition of bile pigment in the skin
and sclera
jaundice etiologies - ANS-any type of liver disease
gallstones
3 types of jaundice - ANS-1. hemolytic jaundice
2. intrahepatic obstructive jaundice
3. extrahepatic obstructive jaundice
, hemolytic jaundice - ANS-excessive lysis of RBCs
liver can't keep up with conjugating
increased unconjugated bilirubin build up in blood
intrahepatic obstructive jaundice - ANS-hepatocellular damage, so liver can't conjugate
or excrete bilirubin
increased unconjugated bilirubin build up in blood
extrahepatic obstructive jaundice - ANS-bile duct obstruction (such as a gallstone) so
bile cannot get through
leads to increased conjugated bilirubin to accumulate in the liver and blood stream
hepatitis - ANS-inflammation of the liver
what can hepatitis lead to? - ANS-degeneration, scarring, and necrosis of hepatocytes
hep A - ANS-infectious
hep A onset - ANS-acute, sudden
hep A sources of infection - ANS-contaminated food and water, poor sanitation
hep A mode of transmission - ANS-fecal-oral route
blood (uncommon)
hep A chronic state - ANS-none, self-limiting
hep A manifestations - ANS--fever
-malaise
-anorexia
-nausea
-jaundice
hep B onset - ANS-insidious, gradual
hep B - ANS-serum
hep B sources of infection - ANS-blood: needles, syringes, sexual contact
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