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ARCH 249 - Glowacki Exam 1 - TAMU Spring
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ARCH 249 - Glowacki Exam 1 - TAMU Spring
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BICH 411 Exam 3 (Polymenis TAMU)catabolism - ANS-the pentose phosphate pathway is a form of _____ (reduces NADP+
and NAD+ while oxidizing fuel)
aka
"hexose-monophosphate shunt"
"pentose cycle"
"phosphogluconate pathway"
NADPH, pentoses - ANS-in the oxidative branch of the PPP, glucose is used to produce
_____ (used for anabolic reactions) and _____ (used for AA/nucleotide synthesis or
glycolysis)
oxidative branch of PPP - ANS-net reaction:
glucose-6-P + water + 2 NADP => CO2 + pentose-5-P + 2 NADPH
reductive (non-oxidative) branch of PPP - ANS-net reaction
3 pentose-5-P => 2 fructose-6-P + 1 GAP
there is a version of this in the Calvin Cycle
aka "the sugar inter-conversion game"
old yellow enzyme - ANS-an NADPH dehydrogenase enzyme
first PPP reaction occurs via glucose-6-P dehydrogenase:
glucose-6-P + NADP => 6-P-gluconolactone + NADPH
_____ _____ _____ can prolong the cycle; oxidizes NADPH to produce NADP+ (runs in
reverse)
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase - ANS-enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the
oxidative branch of the PPP:
glucose-6-P => 6-P-gluconolactone
,NADP+ is reduced to NADPH in the process
reducing - ANS-NADPH is utilized as _____ power for biosynthesis
gluconolactonase - ANS-ester hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the second step of the
oxidative branch of the PPP:
6-P-gluconolactone => 6-P-gluconate
water is used in this step to open the ring structure; sets up decarboxylation in the next
step
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase - ANS-beta-hydroxy acid
dehydrogenase/decarboxylase enzyme that catalyzes the third step of the oxidative
branch of the PPP:
6-P-gluconate => 3-keto-6-P-gluconate => ribulose-5-P
NADP+ is reduced to NADPH and carbon dioxide is released
monosaccharides - ANS-simplest sugars
have 1 C as carbonyl
remaining C all have hydroxyl groups
8C or higher is unstable
transketolase - ANS-enzyme in the reductive branch of the PPP that transfers a 2C unit
transfers 2C from keto-P (xylulose-5-P) to aldo-P (ribose-5-P, erythrose-4-P)
forms aldo-P -2C (GAP) and keto-P +2C (sedoheptulose-7-P, fructose-6-P)
transaldolase - ANS-enzyme in the reductive branch of the PPP that transfers a 3C unit
as DHAP
transfers 3C from keto-P (sedoheptulose-7-P) to aldo-P (GAP)
forms aldo-P -3C (erythrose-4-P) and keto-P +3C (fructose-6-P)
, aldolase - ANS-enzyme in reductive branch of the PPP that creates keto-bisP
(fructose-1,6-BP) from the 2 GAP created after 2 in the reductive branch of the PPP
epimerases - ANS-enzymes that catalyze the conversion of one sugar epimer to
another, changing the R/S configuration of one C without affecting other C
configurations
ex: ribulose-5-P => xylulose-5-P
isomerases - ANS-enzymes that move functional groups within a molecule; in the PPP,
changing ketoses to aldoses and vice versa
ex: ribulose-5-P => ribose-5-P
nucleic acids - ANS-ribose-5-P produced in the PPP is used for the biosynthesis of
_____ _____
TPP (thiamine pyrophosphate) - ANS-_____ is a cofactor that serves as an electron
sink for transketolase
glycolytic intermediates - ANS-the reductive branch of the PPP produces fructose-6-P
and GAP, which are utilized as _____ _____
liver, fat - ANS-the PPP mainly occurs in _____ and _____ tissue
NADP+, NADPH - ANS-in the PPP, glucose-6-P dehydrogenase is activated by high
concentrations of _____ and inhibited by high concentrations of _____
ribose-5-P, NADPH - ANS-when _____ and _____ are needed by the cell, the oxidative
branch of the PPP predominates
ribose-5-P, NADPH - ANS-when more _____ than _____ is needed by the cell,
oxidative branch of PPP is bypassed, and fructose-6-P and GAP are pulled directly from
glycolysis
(in this case, metabolites don't return to glycolysis)
NADPH, ribose-5-P - ANS-when more _____ than _____ is needed by the cell, both
oxidative and reductive branches of PPP occur; ribose-5-P is recycled in reductive
branch
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