Summary for block 1.4 at Erasmus university (). I'm enrolled in international psychology, however the sources and study materials are the same in both psychology courses. Hence, these summaries may also be useful for Dutch students. The summaries are based on at least 2 of the required reading mate...
Summary #8 stress
Concept of stress
o Physiological reaction by perception of aversive/threatening stimuli
o State of emotional tension due to circumstances
o Non-specific response of the body to any demand
generalized adaption syndrome
1. Alarm {short term}
= sympathetic nervous system
2. Resistance {prolonged stress}
= HPA axis (secretion cortisol from adrenal cortex)
prolonged alertness, immune system etc.
3. Exhaustion {burn out}
= no energy for nervous and immune systems
tired, inactive, vulnerable
Types of stressors
- Cognitive (discrepancy outcome & expectation)
- Physiological
- New environment
- External stimuli
- isolation
Is it really stress? 4 criteria:
o Action fails to correct a stressful situation
o Excessive neurohormonal activity
Sympathetic nervous system
Glucocorticosteroids
o Vulnerability to pathology
Ulcers
Depression
Suppressed immune system
o Showing pointless behavior
Self-harm, stereotypies
Neurohormonal system
Sympathetic Autonomic nervous system
Sympathetic adrenal medullary system
Related hormones
- Adrenalin/epinephrine
= glucose metabolism catecholamines
- Noradrenaline/norepinephrine
= increase blood flow to skeletal
muscles, heart rate, blood pressure
Adverse condition & long-term stress immobilization/slow response HPA axis
EXCEPT is one has an efficient coping strategy.
Animals:
HPA axis and Sympathetic adrenal medullary system active in both (chronic/acute) sorts of
stress
Humans:
Acute stress = SAM system
Chronic stress = HPA axis
Acute stress
- Catabolic effect (mobilize energy)
fats
proteins
- Behavioral responsiveness/alerts body
- Better memory
Brought back to homeostasis by negative feedback reinstall parasympathetic NS
Essential & beneficial/ EUSTRESS
Chronic stress (no negative feedback = RESISTANCE PHASE)
- Decreased immune system
- Clogged arteries = atherosclerosis due to release of fatty acids into bloodstream
(energy metabolism) blood pressure/heart disease
- Decreased sex drive (LH)/menstrual cycle/ infertility/incompetence
- Damaged/smaller hippocampus (more sensitive to toxins) memory loss
- Aging
- Loss of gray matter
- Larger amygdala
- Ulcers
claim: bacteria Helicobacter pylori = responsible for gastric ulcers,
Stress as a cause is still accepted today
DISTRESS (everything not involved in stress response = inhibited)
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