Summary Edexcel History Paper 2 Option 2F.1 A level India: the road to independence Notes
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India: The road to independence
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
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Edexcel AS/A Level History, Paper 1&2
This document has a timeline of events, separated in topics like the exam in A* style standard. It is coherent and easy to understand summary of the key events and time periods within Paper 2 history.
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
History
India: The road to independence
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INDIA
CHAPTER 1:
Year Event Details
1914 Background Knowledge British changing India into their own culture and caste
systems between Indians (Hindus) and Muslims
Distrust between british and Indian
Indian National Congress - high caste Hindus who spoke
english
Indians owed their livelihoods to Raj, provided them with
food and shelter
Muslim League
1858 Robert Clive First governor of Bengal Presidency
Began as a writer for EIC
Helped secure british empire for britain
1909 John Morley and Indian Outcome of series of reforms between Morley and Lord
Councils Act Minto reflecting understanding of problems faced by
Hindus and Muslims as they have greater say in country's
affairs
60 indian representatives elected to serve viceroy’s
executive council
Separate electorates provided for muslims and hindus to
have voice in council
Act enforced when India went to war
1905-1910 John Morley Secretary of state for india and lord president of the countril
between 1910 and 1914
Distinguished political commentator
Part of the Indian Council Act 1909 - granted separate
electorates whilst people demanded for swaraj
Appointed 2 indians to london group of advisors
1914 Indian civil service Ensured british laws, rules and regulations were
implemented in India
Hierarchical structure from crown to local official
Young men wanting career in civil service had to pass
examination - leadership and intelligence were prized more
than qualifications
Had to turn their hands to anything such as tax assessment
or dealing with elephants
Harder for Indians to join as assessment were in london but
in 1919 came to Delhi
1914 Indian society and Hindus made up 70% of india
religion Muslims formed minority religion of 20%
Sikhs and christians other minority groups
Population of over 300 million
By Rhea M.
, Caste systems
Certain substances like animal waste and dead bodies were
pollutants and the closer hindus came into work with them,
the lower in the caste system they became
Castes had to be kept separate as possible
Every Hindu born in specific caste
1914 Indians attitudes to Raj At beginning of century, Indians owed their livelihoods to
Raj as it provided them with a roof over their head
Alien rule
1914 WW1 Indians immediately showed their loyalty
Congress, Muslim League and Princely States gave their
loyalty
India poured men and materials into war effort
1915 Economic impact of war Rising prices, shortage of fuels and taxation increased
No monsoon meant there was no crops
But Indian manufacturing industry expanded
Replaced goods that were normally imported
1915 Defence of India Act Temporary measure for duration of war
Intended to stop anti-war and revolutionary activities
Protests were forbidden
Act gave viceroy power to issue regulations in order to
secure public state to ensure india was defended
1916 Lucknow Pact The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the
Indian National Congress and the Muslim League Through
the pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to
religious minorities in the provincial legislatures
SEPARATE ELECTORATES FOR ALL COMMUNITIES
UNTIL AND UNLESS THEY REQUESTED A JOINT ONE
Balance between Muslims and Hindus (Indian Nationalist
movement was strengthening) and became close upon the
idea of self government and moving away from Raj because
partition of Bengal showed they were not sympathetic to
separate electorates
Congress was also strengthened
Death of Gokhale meant Bal Tilak could re-enter congress
and advocate for his own ideas
1916 Home Rule Leagues 2 home rule leagues (All india home rule league) and (Bal
Tilak home rule league) to promote indian nationalism
All India Home Rule League - focused on domestic affairs
Aim was to spread political awareness in other than political
provinces
Can be described as propaganda of congress and muslim
By Rhea M.
, leagues
- By Annie Besant
Bal Tilak - Besant and Tilak toured widely giving public
lectures and joined each others leagues
Organisation used newspapers, rallies, songs and speeches
to promote enthusiasm for home rule
Both got imprisoned
Tilak needed 40,000 to be released
They had both won the hearts of many Indians and British
Raj were alarmed by the rapid growth of leagues
1916 Annie Besant Established the Indian Home Rule League which she
became president of
Also a leading member of INC
1917 Edwin Montagu & Could not ignore the Indians war efforts so they were
Montagu declaration rewarded
Announcement made by Montagu to give Indians self
government would have more control
Montagu would go to India and talk to Viceroy for when it
can be put into place
Happened slowly in successive stages - no timescale given
1918 Armistice and end of Agreed that the number of Muslims in the provincial
WW1 legislatures should be laid down province by province and
that there should be separate electorates for all communities
unless they requested to join one
1919 Rowlatt Acts Allowed political cases to be tried without juries and
permitted internment of suspects without trial
Police would arrest who they wanted even without
justifiable reason
Act was extremely offensive and Raj was seen as duplicitous
Opposition to Act flared up
Triggered rioting, banks stormed, buildings put on fire
There was an arrest of two organisers
Anti-raj protest
Dyer saw British lost control of Amritsar
1919 Amritsar Massacre or Many gathered in Jallianwala bagh ignoring their curfew
Jallianwala Bagh Dyer shot and killed as any people and he could, open fire to
massacre a crowd with his troops
Wounded 1500 and thought it showed authority of British
Wanted to punish them because they were disobedient
Impact: Some saw Dyer as brave but some felt he destroyed
possibility of Indian nationalists and Raj working together
Commission condemned O’Dwyer who had sent in troops
By Rhea M.
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