100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology $11.49
In winkelwagen

Tentamen (uitwerkingen)

NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology

 0 keer verkocht
  • Vak
  • Instelling

NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology Ovarian cancer site of metastasis? Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal organs), liver The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes: 1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic ac...

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 2 van de 13  pagina's

  • 13 juni 2024
  • 13
  • 2023/2024
  • Tentamen (uitwerkingen)
  • Vragen en antwoorden
avatar-seller
NURS 5315 Advanced Pathophysiology
Ovarian cancer site of metastasis?
Peritoneal surfaces, omentum (fold of peritoneum connecting the stomach with other abdominal
organs), liver


The increased NADH/NAD+ ratio in the liver from ethanol causes:
1. Pyruvate --> lactic acid, causing lactic acidosis
2. Oxaloacetate --> malate. This prevents gluconeogenesis and leads to hypoglycemia
3. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate --> glycerol 3- phosphate and combines with fatty acids to form
triglycerides in the liver, known as hepatosteatosis
4. Decreases citric acid cycle production of NADH and leads to using Acetyl-CoA for ketogenesis and
lipogenesis


What can Reactive Oxygen Species cause?
Heart disease, Alzheimers, Parkinsons, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), CV disease, HTN, HLD, DM,
ischemic heart disease, HF, OSA. Lipid perioxidation, damage proteins, fragment DNA, less protein
synthesis, chromatin destruction, damage mitochondria


What is the body's defense against ROS?
Antioxidants (Vitamin E, Vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, albumin, ceruloplasmin, transferrin)


How are free radicals produced?
1. Normal cellular respiration
2. Absorption of extreme energy sources (radiation, UV light)
3. Metabolism of exogenous chemicals, drugs, and pesticides
4. Transition of metals
5. Nitric oxide acting like a chemical mediator and a free radical


action potential
Process of conducting an impulse. Activates the neuron --> the neuron depolarizes --> then
repolarizes


Threshold potential
Point at which depolarization must reach in order to initiate an action potential


Hypokalemia and action potentials
HYPERpolarized (more negative, ex. -100). Less excitable. Decreased neuromuscular excitability:
weakness, smooth muscle atony, paresthesia, cardiac dysrhythmias


Hyperkalemia and action potentials
HYPOpolarized (more positive, ex: closer to 0). More excitable. Peaked T waves.
When resting membrane potential=threshold potential, it is BAD = cardiac standstill, paresthesia,
paralysis


Hypocalcemia and action potentials
Increased permeability to Na+. More excitable. Tetany, hyperreflexia, circumoral paresthesia,
seizures, dysrhythmias.

, Hypercalcemia and action potentials
Decreased permeability to Na+. Less excitable. Weakness, hyporeflexia, fatigue, lethargy, confusion,
encephalopathy, depressed T waves


Atrophy
Occurs as a result of decrease in work load, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal
stimulation, or nervous stimulation. Once the cell has decreased in size, it has now compensated for
decreased blood supply, nerve supply, nutrient supply, hormonal supply, and has achieved new
homeostasis. Cells are alive but have diminished function and may lead to cellular death.


Atrophy examples
Physiologic atrophy- shrinking of the thymus gland during childhood.
Disuse atrophy- someone that ends up being paralyzed


Hypertrophy
Increase in SIZE of cells, which will lead to increase in size of organ. Caused by hormonal stimulation
or increased functional demand.


Hypertrophy examples
physiologic hypertrophy- skeletal hypertrophy when a person does heavy work or weight lifting /
when a kidney is surgically removed, the other kidney increases in size
pathologic hypertrophy- cardiomegaly results from an increased workload in hypertensive patients /
left ventricular hypertrophy


Hyperplasia
Increase in NUMBER of cells. Results from increased rate of mitosis. Can ONLY happen in cells that are
capable of mitosis (cell division).


Hyperplasia examples
1. Thickening of skin because of hyperplasia of epidermal cells.
2. Hormonal hyperplasia- occurs in estrogen dependent organs like uterus and breast.
3. Compensatory hyperplasia- liver regenerates, callus on skin
4. Pathologic hyperplasia- estrogen is unopposed by progesterone and the endometrial lining
undergoes hyperplasia and increased risk for endometrial cancer


Dysplasia
abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells due to persistent, severe cell
injury or irritation


Dysplasia examples
Pre cancer pap smears often show dysplastic cells of the cervix that must undergo treatment.


Metaplasia
Changed cell that is REVERSIBLE (one cell is replaced by another cell). Exposure to chronic stressors,
injury or irritation, like smoking or hydrochloric acid from heart burn

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper ACADEMICAIDSTORE. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor $11.49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 65040 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis

Laatst bekeken door jou


$11.49
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd