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Summary A Level Geography Tectonics Case Studies (detailed)
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A Level Edexcel Geography, Physical Geography, Tectonics Case Study Detailed Overview
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OVERVIEW GRID TO SHOW HOW CASE STUDIES CAN BE USED IN DIFFERENT QUESTIONSCase Study Notes/evidence
Magnitude 9.1 earthquake struck Indonesia. The uplift of the sea floor caused the displacement of billions of tonnes of water which
created a tsunami wave. Primary hazards included: flooding, damaged infrastructure, floating debris, strong currents and storm
surges. Secondary hazards were water contamination. Scientists monitoring the Indian Ocean detected the giant earthquake off the
coast of Indonesia, but had no way to alert people. Due to this, the countries close to the epicentre such as Indonesia and Malaysia
were severely unprepared and the lack of knowledge about tsunamis within the locals worsened this.
Short term effects:
- Rescue services and emergency teams were swamped
- Injured people were untreated for days, wounds became dangerous
- More than 250,000 died
- There were damages to ports, boats, roads, bridges and hospitals within 1km of the shore
- Debris was dumped in unsuitable locations e.g. the sea which would harm sea life
Short term responses:
- Bodies were buried in mass graves to prevent the spread of diseases
- Over $7 billion was provided by governments and NGOs in aid efforts to help with reconstruction
ASIAN TSUNAMI 2004 - 5 million people were relocated to refugee camps, they were provided with shelter, food and water
- India sent naval ships to affected areas to help aid efforts
- Short term aid; water purification tablets, temporary housing and medical supplies were given from international countries
Long term impacts:
- 1 million people were left homeless
- Diseases like cholera spread
- Emotional and psychological impacts of survivors and aid workers
- The estimated cost of the damage was just under $10 billion
- The fishing and tourism industry were heavily damaged
Long term responses:
- Aid from international countries
- The UK sent dog teams and forensic experts and equipments to identify bodies and help clean up
An Indian ocean tsunami warning and mitigation system was put in place as a response, costing $20 million. There were
improvements in coastal defences. Within 10 years many coastal towns and villages had been rebuilt.
, There were 7 foreshocks including an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale.
Impacts:
- Over 150,000 were killed
- 3000km of the coastline was affected which also destroyed through coastal defences
- The tsunami caused a cooling system failure at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant which resulted in a level-7 nuclear
meltdown and releases of radioactive materials
- 300 tons of radioactive water continued to leak from the plant every day into the Pacific Ocean - evacuations required
- Households were left without electricity or water
- A large amount of buildings were destroyed, washed away or burnt down
- Gas leaks and oil spills
- The tsunami waves travelled across the Pacific reaching Alaska, Hawaii and Chile
- Toyota and Nissan closed 20 of their factories globally which lost them billions of £s
JAPAN TSUNAMI 2011 - Food was contaminated by nuclear radiation and some farms were abandoned, water ⇒ cholera + lack of medical supplies
- Transport along the coast was disrupted, debris made rescue efforts difficult
Responses:
- Residents of Tokyo received a minute of warning before the disaster
- 100,000 Japanese soldiers were sent to search and rescue individuals
- The Japanese Red Cross mobilised 230 emergency service teams to provide medical and emotional support
- The bank of Japan offered 15 trillion Yen to the banking system to normalise market conditions
- Sea walls and tsunami floodgates were built
- Buildings were constructed to withstand seismic activity
- The motorway was repaired after just 6 days of the earthquake
- 4 years after the disaster, 230,000 people who lost their homes were still living in temporary housing
- The total damages were $300 billion according to the Japanese government
Mt etna is a stato-volcano formed by repeated volcanic eruptions that have built up layers of lava and ash to create a cone.
Social impacts:
- More than 100 homes were damaged in Santa Venerina
- Schools were shut down, although church remained open
MT ETNA ERUPTION 2002 - 1000 people had to leave their homes in Linguaglossa
Economic impacts:
- Catania airport was closed for 4 days - ash was covering the runway
- There was disruption of the skiing season due to the area being covered by flowing lava
- Lava flow engulfed a restaurant
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