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HN 308 Exam 4 Revision 2024

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HN 308 Exam 4 Revision 2024 if consumed in sufficient amounts, any energy producing nutrient ________, __________, and ________ can fuel the body in the short term **** carbohydrate; fat; protein AAs can be either ______ or ______ or both. **** glucogenic; ketogenic

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  • June 14, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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HN 308 Exam 4 Revision 2024

if consumed in sufficient amounts, any energy producing nutrient ________,
__________, and ________ can fuel the body in the short term **** carbohydrate; fat;
protein

AAs can be either ______ or ______ or both. **** glucogenic; ketogenic

the glucogenic AAs can be converted to ________ or intermediates of TCA cycle,
including _________, ________, ___________, _________ **** pyruvate;
oxaloacetate, fumarate, succinyl CoA, alpha-ketoglutarate

via gluconeogenesis pathway, AAs can be eventually converted to glucose in the
________ or _________ **** liver; kidney

carbohydrate (glucose) can be converted to AAs via metabolic intermediates such as
_______ and _________ **** pyruvate; oxaloacetate

the ketogenic AAs can be converted to _________ or _________ **** acetyl CoA,
acetoacetate

_________ is the precursor for de novo fatty acids **** acetyl CoA

as most AAs are both ketogenic and glucogenic, AAs can be converted to ______ ****
fat

____________ can be used to synthesize portions of the keto acids used to form some
AAs **** fatty acids

the weight gain after carbohydrate food consumption is due to the fact that carbohydrate
spares ________ pathway and promotes weight gain **** lipolysis

glucose is a precursor for ______ and _______ **** glycerol; fatty acids

glycolysis pathway produces ______, which is subsequently converted to ___________
by pyruvate dehydrogenase complex inside ________ **** pyruvate; acetyl Coa;
mitochondria

via citrate shuttle system, ______ can serve as a precursor for ______ synthesis via a
process called de novo lipogenesis, which occurs in ______ **** acetyl CoA; fatty acid;
cytosol

, DHAP can be reduced to _______, the active form of glycerol from lipolysis **** G3P

only __________ portion from fat can be converted to carbohydrate via ___________
**** glycerol; gluconeogenesis

fatty acid cannot be converted to glucose because: **** 1. pyruvate dehydrogenase
reaction is irreversible
2. gluconeogenesis from acetyl CoA as a TCA cycle intermediate cannot occur

fatty acids with _____ number of carbon atoms are partially glucogenic **** odd

TCA cycle is an amphibolic pathway means, meaning it can be ___________ or
__________ **** anabolic, catabolic

TCA cycle provides carbon dioxide for ______, _______, _________, _________ ****
fatty acid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, purine and pyrimidine synthesis, urea cycle

TCA cycle provides common intermediates _________ and ______ to support the
cross-linkages between lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism **** alpha-
ketoglutarate, oxaloacetate

TCA cycle provides __________ for lipogenesis and _____ for NADH shuttle ****
citrate; malate

the liver _____ and _______ nutrients **** processes; distributes

the ______ is the first pass for carbohydrates. glucose entering hepatocytes is activated
via phosphorylation to G6P by ________ (enzyme) **** liver; glucokinase

________ is "at the cross-roads" of carbohydrate metabolism **** G6P

the _______ is the first pass for AAs metabolisms **** liver

as needed, _______ is the major source for ATP production in the liver **** fat

glycolysis occurs in ________ **** all cells

glycogenesis and glycogenolysis occur in the _______ and ______ **** liver, muscle

gluconeogenesis occurs in the ______ and _________ **** liver, kidney

ketogenesis occurs in the_______ **** liver

lipolysis occurs in ________ **** adipose tissue

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