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Résumé Diversification, complexification et évolution des génomes

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Thème 3 svt terminale Chapitre 2 : Diversification, complexification et évolution des génomes schémas inclus aborde les notions de crossing over inégaux, transferts horizontaux, endosymbioses, anomalies génétiques en méiose

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  • June 14, 2024
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  • 2023/2024
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  • Secondary school
  • Lycée
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Chapitre 2 : Diversification, complexification et évolution des
génomes.
I/ Les accidents génétiques de la méiose.
a) Migrations anormales des chromosomes et modifications du caryotype.

Aneuploïdie : anomalies du nbr de chrm chez les c/ constitutives d'un individu.
→ Se caractérisent par:
Présence d’1 chrm surnuméraire : trisomie affectant soit 1 chrm non-sexuel (trisomie 21) / 1 chrm sexuel (syndrome de
Klinefelter XXY).
Abs d'1 chrm : monosomie (syndrome de Turner X).

Anomalies proviennent d’une mauvaise réparti° des chrm lors de la méiose. Ainsi, il peut se produire :
- Non-séparation des chrm h : 1ère division de méiose →
2 gamètes avc 1 chrm en +, + 2 gamètes avc 1 chrm en - .
- Non-disjonction des chromatides sœurs : 2nd division de méiose →
1 gamète avc 1 chrm en +, 1 gamète avc 1 chrm en
-, + 2 gamètes normaux
→ Fécondation : c/ œuf = trisomique / monosomique.




Chrm : autres anomalies (fission, fusion, inversion, translocation) modifiant caryotypes + différencient espèces
génétiquement proches. → perturbent l'appariement des chrm h en méiose + peuvent constituer une barrière
reproductive entre populations menant à la spéciation.

b) Crossing-over inégaux et duplication de gènes.

Crossing-over inégaux : échange de portions de chrm pas totalement h. Cassure de 2 chrm h puis leur soudure par un
décalage => 2 chrm inégaux. A l’issue de la méiose : 1 chrm avc une partie de son info génétique x2 exemplaires (son h
l’ayant lui, perdue).
→ Aboutit parfois à la duplication d’un gène.

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