Exam (elaborations)
NUR 376 Patho Final exam with correct answers
- Course
- Institution
NUR 376 Patho Final exam with correct answers
[Show more]
Seller
Follow
Content preview
NUR 376 Patho Final exam with correct answersImmunodeficiency - Correct Answer - Immune system weakened to extent that it cannot destroy foreign invaders and antigens can overwhelm the body.
Immunocompetence - Correct Answer - refers to an individual's ability to protect oneself from infectious agents due to a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression - Correct Answer - indicates that there is a defective immune system that is putting
the pt at risk for infection.
Opportunistic Infection - Correct Answer - an infection that was caused by a microorganism that flourished because of its host's deficient immune system.
Hospital Acquired of Health-Care acquired infection - Correct Answer - when a pt's infection is caused by microorganisms that originated within the clinical environment.
Difficult to tx due to antibiotic-resistant bacteria
Type 1: Immediate hypersensitivity - Correct Answer - allergic reaction
Type 2: Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - Correct Answer - mediated by Igs that target antigen on cells and cause cell destruction.
Incomplete blood transfusion
Type 3: Immune Complex hypersensitivity - Correct Answer - antigen combines with Ig within circulation
and complexes are then deposited into tissues. SLE, autoimmune disorders
Type 4: Delayed hypersensitivity - Correct Answer - initiated by T-cells that have previous exposure to antigen
Dermatitis from exposure to poison ivy
Key lab values in Infections - Correct Answer - WBC 4,000-10,000 cells/mcL
Neutrophils: 40%-80% of WBCs / elevation = bacterial infection
Lymphocytes: 20%-40% of WBCs / elevation = viral infection
Eosinophils: 1%-7% of WBCs / elevation = allergic reaction
Basophils: 0%-2% of WBCs / elevation = Parasite or allergic reaction
Monocytes: 2% - 10% of WBCs / elevation = Inflammation, chronic infections, autoimmune disease
How can you determine inflammation vs. infection from a CBC? - Correct Answer - You would look at the differences in the WBCs on the CBC, which provides info about the % of different types of white blood cells.
An increase in neutrophils (makeup 40%-80% of WBCs) can be indicative of a bacterial infection.
An increase in monocytes (macrophages) (2%-10% of WBCs) can be indicative of inflammation / autoimmune disease.
Hypervolemia - Correct Answer - Excess fluid in ISF & ICF caused by increased hydrostatic pressure causing edema
Can be caused by: High Salt diet, heart failure, kidney failure, or liver failure.
Hypernatremia - Correct Answer - High sodium content of the blood. Raises solute content (more salt), in turn, raising OSMOTIC PRESSURE. Osmotic pressure - Correct Answer - The pressure exerted by the solutes in solution, causes water to shift from ICF into the ECF -> Causing cellular dehydration.
ECF gains fluid > Secreted by the kidneys > more dehydration!
Polyuria - Correct Answer - excess urine being excreted.
This continues until fluid is replenished appropriately
(Part of hypernatremia)
Hypovolemia - Correct Answer - Is caused by dehydration; a diminished level of circulating blood volume that increases the osmolarity of blood.
Hydrostatic pressure - Correct Answer - the force exerted by the blood confined within the blood vessels or heart chamber.
Isotonic - Correct Answer - No fluid shifts- solutions on both sides are at equilibrium. Equal osmotic pressure. No "tug of war". Example- Human blood.
Caution: Too much isotonic fluids can cause fluid volume overload
Monitor: BP due to HTN crisis. Risk for CVA stroke. Ex: 0.9 % sodium chloride (NS), lactated ringers (LR)
Use: Rehydrate body, increase low BP, blood transfusions, blood loss, DKA, HHNS(risk for type 2 diabetes
patients)- when blood sugar high
Hypertonic - Correct Answer - HIGH & dry- Higher osmolarity than body fluids- very thick, very salty, more solutes, less water. Fluid drawn out of the cell.
The benefits of buying summaries with Stuvia:
Guaranteed quality through customer reviews
Stuvia customers have reviewed more than 700,000 summaries. This how you know that you are buying the best documents.
Quick and easy check-out
You can quickly pay through credit card or Stuvia-credit for the summaries. There is no membership needed.
Focus on what matters
Your fellow students write the study notes themselves, which is why the documents are always reliable and up-to-date. This ensures you quickly get to the core!
Frequently asked questions
What do I get when I buy this document?
You get a PDF, available immediately after your purchase. The purchased document is accessible anytime, anywhere and indefinitely through your profile.
Satisfaction guarantee: how does it work?
Our satisfaction guarantee ensures that you always find a study document that suits you well. You fill out a form, and our customer service team takes care of the rest.
Who am I buying these notes from?
Stuvia is a marketplace, so you are not buying this document from us, but from seller Lectphilip. Stuvia facilitates payment to the seller.
Will I be stuck with a subscription?
No, you only buy these notes for $12.49. You're not tied to anything after your purchase.
Can Stuvia be trusted?
4.6 stars on Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
75391 documents were sold in the last 30 days
Founded in 2010, the go-to place to buy study notes for 14 years now