BIOMG 3320 Exam 2 Review fall 2024
What are some common bonds? ** Answer** 1) Ester bonds
2) Thioester bonds
3) Anhydride bonds
4) Phosphoanhydride bonds
5) Mixed-anhydride bonds
What does a high energy bond mean? ** Answer** The bonds release large amounts of
energy when hydrolyzed
Which of these are high energy bonds?
1) Ester bonds
2) Thioester bonds
3) Anhydride bonds
4) Phosphoanhydride bonds
5) Mixed-anhydride bonds ** Answer** All of them except the ester bond
What are nucleotides? ** Answer** building blocks of nucleic acids
How many components does a nucleotide contain? ** Answer** Three
What are the components of a nucleotide? ** Answer** 1) Nitrogenous base
2) Sugar molecule
3) Phosphate groups (1, 2, or 3)
- Covalently linked
What type of base can a nucleotide have? ** Answer** Pyrimidines AND purines
What are the pyrimidine bases? ** Answer** 1) Cytosine
2) Thymine
3) Uracil*
*For RNA (Thymine replaced by Uracil)
What are the purine bases? ** Answer** 1) Adenine
2) Guanine
, *Both found in RNA
What are the differences between purine and pyrimidine bases? ** Answer** - Purines
have a 2 ringed structure consisting of a fused pyrimidine and imidazole ring (larger and
more complex)
- Purine bases (adenine and guanine) are the same for DNA and RNA
- Pyrimidines have a 1 ring structure (simpler and smaller)
- Pyrimidine bases for DNA are cytosine and thymine
- Pyrimidine bases for RNA are cytosine and uracil
Pyrimidine bases structure ** Answer**
Purine bases structure ** Answer**
What is unique about the bases of nucleotides? ** Answer** They are aromatic and
therefore hydrophobic (low solubility in water)
What is pentose? ** Answer** A type of sugar
How many carbons does pentose have? ** Answer** Five carbons
What are key carbons in pentose? ** Answer** - 1st carbon interacts with the base
- 2nd carbon has an OH group in ribose and an H in deoxyribose
- 5th carbon interacts with the phosphate group
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose? ** Answer** Even though they
are both sugars, ribose is used in RNA and deoxyribose is used in DNA
What is a base + pentose (no phosphate group) called? ** Answer** A nucleoside
What do nucleosides do? ** Answer** - Serve as building blocks for nucleotides
- Metabolic intermediates (some nucleosides like adenosine play roles in the metabolic
pathway)
What are the nucleotide functions? ** Answer** 1) Building blocks of nucleic acids
(DNA and RNA)
2) Energy currency. ATP is a nucleotide that transports chemical energy within cells
(intracellular energy transfer)
3) Signaling molecules in signal transduction pathways (like cAMP or GTP)
4) Coenzymes
What are the key bonds in nucleotides? ** Answer** 1) N-beta-glycosidic bond:
Between base and pentose
2) Ester bond: Between pentose and phosphate
3) Anhydride bonds: Between phosphates
What are some common bonds? ** Answer** 1) Ester bonds
2) Thioester bonds
3) Anhydride bonds
4) Phosphoanhydride bonds
5) Mixed-anhydride bonds
What does a high energy bond mean? ** Answer** The bonds release large amounts of
energy when hydrolyzed
Which of these are high energy bonds?
1) Ester bonds
2) Thioester bonds
3) Anhydride bonds
4) Phosphoanhydride bonds
5) Mixed-anhydride bonds ** Answer** All of them except the ester bond
What are nucleotides? ** Answer** building blocks of nucleic acids
How many components does a nucleotide contain? ** Answer** Three
What are the components of a nucleotide? ** Answer** 1) Nitrogenous base
2) Sugar molecule
3) Phosphate groups (1, 2, or 3)
- Covalently linked
What type of base can a nucleotide have? ** Answer** Pyrimidines AND purines
What are the pyrimidine bases? ** Answer** 1) Cytosine
2) Thymine
3) Uracil*
*For RNA (Thymine replaced by Uracil)
What are the purine bases? ** Answer** 1) Adenine
2) Guanine
, *Both found in RNA
What are the differences between purine and pyrimidine bases? ** Answer** - Purines
have a 2 ringed structure consisting of a fused pyrimidine and imidazole ring (larger and
more complex)
- Purine bases (adenine and guanine) are the same for DNA and RNA
- Pyrimidines have a 1 ring structure (simpler and smaller)
- Pyrimidine bases for DNA are cytosine and thymine
- Pyrimidine bases for RNA are cytosine and uracil
Pyrimidine bases structure ** Answer**
Purine bases structure ** Answer**
What is unique about the bases of nucleotides? ** Answer** They are aromatic and
therefore hydrophobic (low solubility in water)
What is pentose? ** Answer** A type of sugar
How many carbons does pentose have? ** Answer** Five carbons
What are key carbons in pentose? ** Answer** - 1st carbon interacts with the base
- 2nd carbon has an OH group in ribose and an H in deoxyribose
- 5th carbon interacts with the phosphate group
What is the difference between ribose and deoxyribose? ** Answer** Even though they
are both sugars, ribose is used in RNA and deoxyribose is used in DNA
What is a base + pentose (no phosphate group) called? ** Answer** A nucleoside
What do nucleosides do? ** Answer** - Serve as building blocks for nucleotides
- Metabolic intermediates (some nucleosides like adenosine play roles in the metabolic
pathway)
What are the nucleotide functions? ** Answer** 1) Building blocks of nucleic acids
(DNA and RNA)
2) Energy currency. ATP is a nucleotide that transports chemical energy within cells
(intracellular energy transfer)
3) Signaling molecules in signal transduction pathways (like cAMP or GTP)
4) Coenzymes
What are the key bonds in nucleotides? ** Answer** 1) N-beta-glycosidic bond:
Between base and pentose
2) Ester bond: Between pentose and phosphate
3) Anhydride bonds: Between phosphates
